Children With Intellectual Disabilities Down Syndrome...

Intellectual disability is when a person has certain limitations in cognitive functioning and skills, including communication, social and self-care skills. It can be caused by an injury, a disease or may exist from birth and manifest itself in the child’s early development. People with intellectual disabilities like Down Syndrome also face discrimination and this is shown in the article â€Å"Down syndrome boy excluded from pool† (February 2016) from the Anti-Discrimination Board of NSW. Another problem is that many intellectually disabled people, in their desire to be cooperative, will readily agree to propositions suggested to them that aren’t true. This is a distinct disadvantage when dealing with the criminal justice system, and can result in an unfair outcome. A physical disability is a limitation on a person s physical functioning, mobility or stamina. These disabilities may have arisen at birth as a result of genetic abnormality, through a contraction of disease, or through an injury. It can make it difficult for people to perform simple everyday tasks and may lead to discrimination and a lack of opportunities in areas such as education, employment and promotion. For example, people confined to wheelchairs represent how a physical disability can restrict movement to and around schools or workplaces unless there are appropriate support mechanisms. However, they can usually manage their own affairs and generally do not require a guardian. Discrimination is anShow MoreRelatedEssay special education11975 Words   |  48 Pagesï » ¿CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF DISABILITY The contemporary conception of disability proposed in the WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) views disability as an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions. Disability is the interaction between individuals with a health condition (e.g. cerebral palsy, Down syndrome or depression) and personal and environmental factors (e.g. negative attitudes, inaccessible transportation,Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWeidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction

Genetic Engineering Tutorial Free Essays

Chapter 14 Genetic Engineering Choose the best answer for each question. 1. Using this key, put the phrases in the correct order to form a plasmid carrying the recombinant DNA. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetic Engineering Tutorial or any similar topic only for you Order Now Key: 1) use restriction enzymes 2) Use DNA ligase 3) Remove plasmid from parent bacterium 4) Introduce plasmid into new host bacterium. A. 1, 2, 3, 4C. 3, 1, 2, 4 B. 4, 3, 2,1 D. 2, 3, 1, 4 2. Which is not a clone? A. a colony of identical bacterial cells B. identical quintuplets C. a forest of identical trees D. eggs produced by oogenesis E. copies of a gene through PCR 3. Restriction enzymes found in bacterial cells are ordinarily used A. during DNA replication B. to degrade the bacterial cell’s DNA C. to degrade viral DNA that enters the cell D. to attach pieces of DNA together 4. Recombinant DNA technology is used A. for gene therapy B. to clone a gene C. to make a particular protein D. to clone a specific piece of DNA E. All of these are correct 5. In order for bacterial cells to express human genes, A. the recombinant DNA must not contain introns. B. reverse transcriptase is sometimes used to make complementary DNA from an mRNA molecule. C. bacterial regulatory genes must be included. D. All of these are correct. 6. The polymerase chain reaction A. utilizes RNA polymerase B. takes place in huge bioreactors C. utilizes temperature insensitive enzyme D. makes lots of nonidentical copies of DNA E. All of these are correct 7. DNA fingerprinting can be used for which of these? A. identifying human remains B. identifying infectious diseases C. finding evolutionary links between organisms D. solving crimes E. All of these are correct 8. DNA amplified by PCR and then used for fingerprinting could come from A. ny diploid or haploid cell B. only white blood cells that have been karyotyped C. only skin cells after they are dead D. only purified animal cells E. both B and D are correct 9. Which of these pairs is incorrectly matched? A. DNA ligase – DNA fingerprint B. Restriction enzymes – Cloning C. DNA fragments – DNA fingerprinting D. DNA polymerase – PCR 10. Which of these is an incorrect statement ? A. bacteria secrete the biotechnology product into the medium B. plants are being engineered to have human proteins in their seeds. C. nimals are engineered to have a human protein in their milk. D. animals can be cloned, but plants and bacteria cannot. 11. Which of these is not needed in order to clone an animal? A. sperm from a donor animal B. nucleus from an adult animal cell C. enucleated egg from a donor animal D. host female to develop the embryo E. All of these are needed 12. Because the human genome Project, we know or will know the A. sequence of the base pairs of our DNA B. sequence of genes along the human chromosomes C. mutations that lead to genetic disorders D. All of these are correct 13. The restriction enzyme called EcoRI has cut double stranded DNA in the following manner. The piece of foreign DNA to be inserted has what bases from the left and from the right? 14. Which of these is a true statement? A. Plasmids can serve as vectors B. Plasmids are linear DNA found in viruses C. Plasmids can replicate in the host cell D. Both A and C are correct 15. Which of these is a benefit of having insulin produced by biotechnology? A. It is just as effective B. It can be mass produced C. It is less expensive D. All of the above How to cite Genetic Engineering Tutorial, Essay examples

Robert Schumann Essay Example For Students

Robert Schumann Essay Robert Alexander Schumann was born in the small riverside town ofZwickau, Saxony, in 1810.The youngest of five children, Robert Schumannwas brought up in comfortable, middle-class respectability. As a child, heapparently exhibited no remarkable abilities. At the age of six, Robert was sent to the local preparatory school, runby Archdeacon Dohner. He had in fact already begun his education, with theyoung tutor who gave lessons in exchange for board and lodging at theSchumann home. At the age of seven Robert received his first piano lessons, fromJohann Gottfried Kuntzsch, organist at St. Marys Church, and schoolmasterat the Zwickau Lyceum. Kuntzsch was a kindly, conservative musician oflimited abilities; his knowledge stemmed from leisure-time study. Nevertheless, Robert was soon improvising, and even composing a set ofdances for the piano. Roberts musical talent was recognized by his father. He bought anexpensive Streicher grand piano for his son, and soon four-handedarrangements of the classics were heard in the Schumann home. With afriend named Friedrich Piltzing, another pupil of Kuntzchs, Robert started toexplore Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. As a child, Schumann took part in several concerts at the ZwickauLyceum. He once played Moscheles Alexander March variations, whichdemanded considerable dexterity. At the public Lyceum Robert was active as both pianist and publicspeaker. When he was fourteen, Kuntzsch decided that his pupil hadprogressed beyond the point where he could give further help, and declined toteach him anymore. Shortly before leaving the Lyceum, Schumann collaborated with hisbrother Karl in preparing a new edition of Forcellinis Latin dictionary,Lexicon Totius Latinatinis. Although now very busy as a composer, Robert yearned for affection. He soon fell for seventeen-year-old Ernestine von Fricken, who came toLeipzig in April 1834 to live in at the Wiecks, and to study with Clarasfather. She had grown up in the little town of Asch with her father, Baronvon Fricken, and was the illegitimate daughter of Countess Zedtwitz. At the beginning of September 1835 Robert and Ernestine weresecretly engaged. Within days, Baron von Fricken heard that something wasafoot, arrived in Leipzig, and took Ernestine back to Asch. After secretdiscussions, the engagement was broken off by mutual agreement. PossiblyRobert had been kept in the dark about Ernestines origins. In any event, the affair had a catalytic effect on Roberts music. He had theidea of writing a series of piano pieces based on the letters ASCH; these helater turned into Carnival. He also composed some piano variations on atheme provided by Baron von Fricken. But Roberts friend Schunke had fallen seriously ill. Unable to bearthe sight, Robert went back to Zwickau again, only returning to Leipzig inDecember to negotiate a change of publisher for the Zeitschrift. From thebeginning of 1835 the journal was published by the Leipzig firm of JA Barth. Late in 1835 Mendelsson arrived in Leipzig to take over as musicdirector of the Gewandhaus. Still only twenty-six, Mendelsson was thedirector of the age, and Schumann felt an immediate attraction when they metat Wiecks house. Following the newcomers debut in Leipzig, Schumannwrote praising him in the Letters of an Enthusiast column of his Zeitzcrift. Schumann did however venture to criticise Mendelssohns use of the baton;he believed that an orchestra should function as a republic and that ridgityshould be avoided.At about this time, too, Robert met both Chopin andIgnaz Moscheles at the Wiecks. Throughout the autumn of 1835 Schumannwas a regular visitor at the Wiecks home, seeing much of Clara, who wasnow sixteen. He had been following her career as a virtuoso closely since shewas nine.when he was depressed, she cheered him up. Their talent affectionwas now becoming increasingly evident. Robert had now finished his first piano sonata, dedicated The evening Clara set out onan important concert tour, Robert came to wish her well, and kissed hergood-bye. They saw each other again in Zwickau, and kissed again. In thenew year Robert traveled to Dresden, where he knew Clara was spending aholiday without her father, and made his declaration of love. .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .postImageUrl , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:hover , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:visited , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:active { border:0!important; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:active , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of the run EssaySchumann seems to have thought Claras father would welcome himas his son-in-law. He was wrong. Hearing that Robert and Clara had beenmeeting behind his back, Wieck was enraged, and wrote to Robert insistingthat all relations be severed. At the same time he distracted Claras attention by flaunting her anew singing teacher, Karl Banck. Clara, only just sixteen, was regarded by her father as a mere child. Wieck had nurtured her talents, and now saw her on the threshold of anoutstanding career. He was not going to stand by and watch her marrySchumann, who he knew, to his own irritation, had neglected his training andsquandered his resources. Naturally Robert was desperate. Extravagant spending sprees led topleas to his brothers for money. He started drinking heavily, and his generallyimpolite habits led to a noisy argument with his landlady. Finally he wrote toher. To understand Wiecks attitude, we need to examine his feelings aboutClara. She represented his special creation, his lifes work. He had laboredwith her for long years at the keyboard. She had finally emerged as his bestpupil, the star exemplar of his techniques. At the same time she nowrepresented a valuable commercial asset. She simultaneously fed Wieckswallet and his ego. In May 1837, after another long tour, Clara arrived back in Leipzig. Not long afterwards banck, like Schumann before him, was rejected byWieck as a suitor for Clara. At this time Schumanns disappointment seems tohave turned to malice. He declared himself ready to avenge himself on Clara. But this was only a temporary mood; in a letter to her in August, with wordscold and serious, yet so beautiful, Robert protested she remained thedearest in the world. His feelings were echoed by his beloved. On August 14they became sacredly engaged. On Claras eighteenth birth day, Robert Wrote to Wieck asking for hisconsent to their marriage. He argued that his prospects were greatlyimproved, and his stability enchanced; You owe it to my position, my talentand my character. The wedding finally took place on 12 September, the day beforeClaras twenty-first birthday. After that she would in any case free of herfathers will. Possibly Robert chose the day as a final signal of defiance to hisnew father-in-law. Very later in their marriage Robert started to have a mental illness. Heheard a solitary note beating in Roberts ears, giving him no peace. On 26February 1854 Robert begged Clara to have him committed to an asylum, butwas finally persuaded by the doctor to go to bed. Later Clara discovered that Robert had thrown himself into the RiverRhine, and fisherman had rescued him. On March 4 Robert was taken to Dr. Richarzs private asylum atEndenich, near Bonn. At intervals his mind cleared a little. On June 8 1856, Roberts birthday, Brahams found him thin,oblivious of every thing outside, picking names out of an atlas and puttingthem into alphabetical order. On Thursday 29 July Robert was finallyreleased from his suffering. At four in the afternoon he fell asleep. He passedaway without anyone noticing. Clara did not see him until half an hour later. Schumann was buried at seven oclock on the morning of 31 July1856 in Bonn. Brahms and Joachin walked in front of the coffin which wascarried by some of the Dusseldorf choir. Clara asked that a few friends bethere. That was the life and death of Robert Schumann. Words/ Pages : 1,176 / 24

The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 Essay Example

The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 Paper In the aftermath of the French and Indian War, Britain needed a new imperial design, but the situation in America was anything but favorable to change. Long accustomed to a large measure of independence, the colonies were demanding more, not less, freedom, particularly now that the French menace had been eliminated. To put a new system into effect, and to tighten control, Parliament had to contend with colonists trained in self-government and impatient with interference. One of the thefirst things that British attempted was the organization of the interior. The conquest of Canada and of the Ohio Valley necessitated policies that would not alienate the French and Indian inhabitants. But here the Crown came into conflict with the interests of the colonies. Fast increasing in population, and needing more land for settlement, various colonies claimed the right to extend their boundaries as far west as the Mississippi River. The British government, fearing that settlers migrating into the new lands would provoke a series of Indian wars, believed that the lands should be opened to colonists on a more gradual basis. Restricting movement was also a way of ensuring royal control over existing settlements before allowing the formation of new ones. We will write a custom essay sample on The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Royal Proclamation of 1763 reserved all the western territory between the Alleghenies, Florida, the Mississippi River and Quebec for use by Native Americans. Thus the Crown attempted to sweep away every western land claim of the 13 colonies and to stop westward expansion. Though never effectively enforced, this measure, in the eyes of the colonists, constituted a high-handed disregard of their most elementary right to occupy and settle western lands. More serious in its repercussions was the new financial policy of the British government, which needed more money to support its growing empire. Unless the taxpayer in England was to supply all money for the colonies’ defense, revenues would have to be.

Managerial and Personal Effectiveness in Human Resources Management The WritePass Journal

Managerial and Personal Effectiveness in Human Resources Management Introduction Managerial and Personal Effectiveness in Human Resources Management ]. Douglas McGregor, J. C.-G., 2006. The Human Side Of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill Professional. Herzberg, F., 1987. One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? HBR, September. Katz, R., 1974. Skills of an Effective Administrator. Havard Business Review. Lindner, J. R., n.d. Understanding Employee Motivation. Journal Editorial Office. Malik, F., 2010. Productions and Operations Management. 1.1 ed. s.l.:s.n. Pat hargreaves, P. J., 2000. The human resource development handbook.Kogan Page Publishers. Schein, E. H., 1978. Career dynamics: matching individual and organizational needs. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Srivastava, M. Sinha, A. K., 2004. Individual Characteristic for Managerial Effectiveness in a Competitive Environment: An Exploration. Conference on Global Competition Competitiveness of Indian Corporate, pp. 119-131. Sutton, R. I. Ford, L. H., 1982. Problem-Solving Adequacy in Hospital Subunits. Human Relations, Volume 35, pp. 675-701. [1] http://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Career_dynamics.html?id=UyqB19IEM5gCredir_esc=y [2] joe.org/joe/1998june/rb3.php [3] http://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_human_side_of_enterprise.html?id=0Td-U8yTjVECredir_esc=y [4] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00605.x/pdf

Abortion Issue Essay Example for Free

Abortion Issue Essay ? Abortion is a controversial issue but it should be discussed because it is happening, and is more widespread than we care to admit. If we truly care about life, then we must understand what is going on. Ideally, pregnancy is a wanted and happy event for women, their partners and their families. Unfortunately, this is not always so. Around the world, millions of women every year become pregnant unintentionally. In the Philippines, as in other countries, some of these women are faced with a difficult choice: to give birth to a child that they are not prepared or able to care for, or to obtain an illegal, and often unsafe, abortion. As a Filipino citizen abortion is a crime. According to Articles 256-259 of our Revised Penal Code, whether you’re the woman getting the abortion, the abortionist, or someone assisting or encouraging the abortion, if you commit the act on purpose, you could get sent to jail for one month, to twenty years. No exceptions. For us, the consensus in abortion is strongly â€Å"anti.† Almost all of my classmates insisted that intentional abortion of any kind; was murder, regardless of whether or not it was done to save the mother’s life. Out of the forty-four students in our section, only about six said that abortion, if regulated, could be made legal. While I myself would prefer to avoid having to get an abortion as far as reasonably possible, I believe that this issue should be looked at through a more critical lens. Why? Because it is the attitude that most Filipinos adopt in relation to abortion is frequently more emotional than practical. Much of it can be traced back to a knee-jerk, culture-based reaction to anything involving babies and death. The lines on matters involving religion, culture, and tradition are quite blurred, and the results are all the same: a default outcry against abortion, or any sort of regulation concerning sexual health. * Be able to understand and to be aware to the effects of abortion. * To enlighten the Filipino citizen not to agree to the so called â€Å"abortion bill†. * For us to share the learning’s to the teenagers what does abortion really do to our human life. Abortion is illegal in the Philippines and is not permitted under any circumstance. The act is criminalized by the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, which was enacted in 1930 but remains in effect today. Articles 256, 258 and 259 of the Code mandate imprisonment for the woman who undergoes the abortion, as well as for any person who assists in the procedure, even if they be the woman’s parents, a physician or midwife. Article 258 further imposes a higher prison term on the woman or her parents if the abortion is undertaken â€Å"in order to conceal [the woman’s] dishonour† (Tan 2008 and Wikipedia 2008).The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines effectively any amendments to the Penal Code’s provisions on abortion because of Article II, Section 12, which states: â€Å"The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and t he life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government.† In the principle, legalizing abortion would require a referendum to amend the constitution, although the enactment of a more definitive provision sanctioning the ban was not successful. In 1999, Congressman Roy Padilla Jr. of Camarines Norte filed House Bill 6343seeking to allow abortion in special cases (e.g., rape, congenital defects in the fetus or cases where the mother’s life is endangered). It is unlikely that the bill will be passed but it has stimulated discussion on abortion. The passage of HB 6343 will require amendment because the Bill as it presently stands is inherently unconstitutional (Wikipedia 2008 and Tan 2008).The United Nations recognizes that abortion in the Philippines is permitted only in instances in which the pregnant woman’s life is endangered. However, there is no law in the Philippines that expressly authorizes abortions in order to save the woman’s life; and the general provisions which do penalize abortion make no qualifications if the woman’s life is endangered. It may be argued that an abortion to save the mother’s life could be classified as a justifying circumstance (duress as opposed to self-defence) that would bar criminal prosecution under the Revised Penal Code. However, this position has yet to be adopted or debunked by the Philippine Supreme Court. Proposals to liberalize Philippine abortion laws have been opposed by the Catholic Church, and its opposition has considerable influence in the predominantly Catholic country. Philippines is the only Catholic country in Asia and contrary to that statistical data reported that there were some 400,000 to 500,000 abortion in 2005. The Department of Health added that nearly 100,000 women who have unsafe abortions every year end up in the hospital. About 4 in 5 abortions in the Philippines are for economic reasons, according to a survey by the University of the Philippines. In many cases, said Jocelyn Pacete, a spokeswoman for Likhaan, a women’s health group based in Manila, â€Å"the mother can’t afford another child, so ends up choosing her five living children over the fetus in her womb.† (Source: Legal_Updates) STATISTICAL FACTS, QUALITATIVE FACTS Prevalence of Abortion in the Philippines Accurate measurement of induced abortion levels has proven difficult in many parts of the world. Health care workers and policymakers need information on the incidence of both legal and illegal induced abortion to provide the needed services and to reduce the negative impact of unsafe abortion on women’s health. Information on the current level of unintended pregnancy and abortion is essential for understanding the extent to which women face barriers in planning pregnancies and preventing unintended ones. Evidence on recent trends in these important indicators is also crucial in assessing whether changes in policies and programs are necessary. Abortions cut across class, age, and marital status, and occur in both urban and rural areas. The UP Population Institute (UPPI) 1994 study estimates that between 300,000 and500, 000 women obtain induced abortions annually in the Philippines. Put another way, there may be 16 induced abortions for every 100 pregnancies. According to Singh et al. (2006), induced abortion in the Philippines is widespread and practice takes many forms. Nearly half of pregnancies each year end in an induced abortion or an unplanned birth. Unintended pregnancy is the root cause of abortion. Some 3.1 million pregnancies occur each year in the Philippines. Of these, 15% result in induced abortions, 31% in unplanned births, 39% in planned births and 15% in spontaneous abortions. An estimated 473,000 abortions occur annually. One-third of women who experience an unintended pregnancy end it in abortion. Thus, about 1.43 million pregnancies each year—nearly half of all pregnancies— are unintended. The annual rate of unintended pregnancy is 81 per 1,000 women of reproductive age, meaning that about 8% of Filipino women aged 15–44 conceive every year without intending to do so. Women from all segments of society experience abortion . Women who have had an abortion resemble average Filipino women: The majority are married, Catholic and poor. They have some high school education and have already had several children. Surveying students, friends and all the people around us that is willing to answer our questionnaire. We’ve made a questionnaire instead of direct interview to the respondents. We are estimating around 50 respondents and from there we can assume a certain percent for the â€Å"Pro-Life† and â€Å"Anti†. (Source: Legal_Updates) http://www.chanrobles.com/revisedpenalcodeofthephilippinesbook2.htm: 1. Ã…hman E and Shah I, Unsafe abortion: worldwide estimates for 2000, Reproductive Health Matters, 2002, No. 19, pp. 13–17. 2. Ã…hman E and Shah I, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2000, fourth ed., Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. 3. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Development, Abortion Policies: A Global Review, Vol. III, New York: United Nations, 1995. 4. Singh S et al., Estimating the level of abortion in the Philippines and Bangladesh, International Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 23(3):100– 107 & 144. 5. Shire A and Pesso L, Changing policies and attitudes: postabortion care in the Philippines, Compass, 2003, N Abortion Issue. (2017, Feb 06).

Lawful Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lawful Discrimination - Essay Example Having a mind of one's own is a selfish act which could result to discrimination, even lawlessness and chaos. As what a national government implements laws to a country, a state should all the more impose and adhere to the laws put forward by the national government since the general welfare has to be taken care of. A state should not create its own set of rules that strays away from the established law. Neither is she allowed to break it in favor of personal gains. Thoreau noticed this as he mentioned the governor in his speech, of whom the state recognizes as her center of authority. The governor is responsible that the laws of the land are being enforced but according to Thoreau, he is the exact opposite since he is permissive enough to let the laws of the state "go unexecuted." A law clearly doesn't exclude anyone. It applies to all, no matter what race a human being belongs to or whatever the skin color he has as long as he is a recognized citizen of the land. With respect to the established law, judicial decisions, too, should be based from a recognized set of rules and should be strictly observed. The freedom and liberty of a person, whether a human being that is being tried is either free or a slave, depends upon the judge's decisions. In Thoreau's speech, an act known as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 states that "any official who doesn't arrest a suspected runaway slave could be fined $1,000." This brings pressure to any officer to act or else risk being fined. After capturing, the slave is tried and then returned to his or her rightful owner. How many times have officials captured a suspected runaway slave or remained indifferent to others but ended up capturing or letting go of the wrong person Anthony Burns experienced being tried in the courts of human beings. This act also has its tendencies to make a slave out of a free soul. An example of this is Thomas Sims. Even then, there are already resentments against this law as what was expressed by Thoreau. And then, there are those who are against racial discrimination. Plessy is recognized as a legitimate citizen of the United States and is entitled to equal rights and privileges being enjoyed by a white American. Yet, despite paying for first class train ticket, he was not only forcibly ejected out of an East Louisiana Railway train but also ended up being imprisoned in a parish jail in New Orleans. Just because sitting in an area reserved for whites even though he has every right to do so, he suffered this predicament. The reason that he was different from the whites made his situation even worse. Clearly, racial discrimination even after the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was ratified. A law can neither be of use to the general public if an institution doesn't at all observe it. By modern standards, the East Louisiana Railway did not recognize the ratified Fourteenth amendment because of the Plessy case. The constitution forbids "making or enforcing any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, or shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or deny to any person within their jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." However, equality isn't observed since a railway companies such as the East Louisiana had been instructed either to provide additional coaches or

Modern Ethical Theory or Pragmatism ( choose one) Research Paper

Modern Ethical Theory or Pragmatism ( choose one) - Research Paper Example These theories have in turn been relied upon heavily in determining the parameters of ethical and moral conduct across different cultures and under different circumstances. These theories draw from the ideas of great moral philosophers like John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant, David Hume among others. Hume vs Kant vs Mill: Their different views on ethics and morality. By giving their views, all moral philosophers aim at describing the best standard of moral and ethical conduct. However, there normally arises a dilemma on which ethical theory should be applied because of the variations in how different philosophers view ethics and morality. These variations raise important questions in the approach to ethical problems and one of the key questions is the question of absolute good or relative good. Mill for example, takes a utilitarian view to ethics and morality. From such a view, the moral worth of human actions are determined by their resultant outcome (Shaw 32). Mill’s view of et hics and morality maximises overall pleasure by all available means. This means that the nature of an action is not a major issue of concern but its final outcome. This view therefore gives room for the breaking of some moral rules if this breaking increases happiness. Its main advantage is that it allows actions to be judged in a way that yields fairness to the greatest population. For example, it is unlawful, unethical and morally unjustifiable to kill another person. However, utilitarianism allows for the breaking of this rule in the case of self-defence either by civilians or police officers facing a dangerous criminal. Killing one dangerous criminal is less painful that one dangerous criminal killing many people. This action maximises happiness. In summary, this view of ethics and morality argues that the end justifies the means. Such a view of ethics and morality therefore considers the relative good of actions and not their absolute good. It avoids judgement of actions from e xtremists’ point of view which in many cases, leads to the suffering of many people. Its main disadvantage is that it does not consider the nature of human actions or the intentions behind them hence it can be used as a justification for wrong doings by some people. Kant holds to an opposing view to Mill in regard ethics and morality. According to Kant, the nature and not the result of human actions determine their moral worth. He argued that a good will is the only good thing and therefore, the will or the motive of the actor is the only factor that determines the moral worth of an action (Kant 97). This is a deontological view whereby ethical and moral actions are seen as the duty or obligations of every person towards other members of the society. The advantage of this view lies in its fairness. That is, human actions are judged depending on the extend to which they adhere to existing moral and ethical rules. It considers the absolute goodness of human actions hence it doe s not give room for the breaking of some rules. The main disadvantage to such a view is that it does not consider the role played by external pressures/factors in driving human actions. For example, no one can wait to be slaughtered like a sheep by another person holding a knife. The reaction will be to defend oneself by all means including hitting the attacker. If it happens that they die, the person who killed should be let free because they never intended to kill. The disadvantage of this

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Physician assisted suicide is one of those moral and ethical questions that are destined to remain as controversial and contested as abortion. It is often easy to make moral judgments on aspects of humanity when one is not in the situation themselves. It has to be taken into account that a number of variables are present in the argument then merely whether or not someone has the right to their own lives. It is an issue that is beyond legal parameters and extends to the philosophical. We are able to argue that life is not our own, that it is a God given purpose, until we are beset with burdening pain and suffering. One cannot argue that it is simply a religious or moral standpoint, and one cannot argue it as a legal issue either. Many physicians themselves stand for the rights of individuals to choose a dignified and unlabored death and this is where the crux lies: the fact that they see far more than the average ignoramus has the right to contribute. In this case, far more evidence weights for the legal right to choose physician assisted suicide, than it does to deny the right. Physician assisted suicide is defined as the â€Å"voluntary termination of one’s own life by the administration of a lethal substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician. †(Medterms, 2008). University of Washington School of Medicine offers us two examples of the moral case for suicide: Skip and Angela. Skip is 50 years of age, male and suffers from metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer. He has had complications with the chemotherapy to the point where he is not sure it is worth having, but is also afraid not to have it (UWSM, 2008). Angela is 72 years of age and is in the final stages of congestive heart failure, having suffered to heart attacks. She is exhausted simply from living and her condition is unpredictable (UWSM, 2008). In these cases we have to take into account that there are more than one issue we are dealing with. In Skip’s case, he is destined for almost certain death while Angela may have one year or ten years ahead of her and we are never certain when she will die. In this case we have to evaluate what the quality of life will be like for each of them in the event that they do, by some miracle, live for another ten years. Granted, the outsider may argue that Angela should not give up on life especially if her time is indeterminate, but will her quality of life be such that she wishes to continue? Skip on the other hand is terminally ill, he knows he is going to die and again, the medication makes him so uncomfortable that one wonders if he wants to suffer through it. The University of Washington School of Medicine determines three types of physician assisted suicide: terminal sedation (sedation until unconsciousness and allowing them to die during this constant sedation); withholding of life-support or sustaining treatments (the patient decides not to take the treatments necessary to keep them alive) and pain medication that hastens death (doses of pain drugs that decrease respiration or speed up the dying process) (UWSM, 2008). We have discussed what physician assisted suicide is and seen possible cases where it may be augmented, but now the argument is whether or not it is legal and whether or not the law really has a right to an opinion on it. A cat is ill and even though it is beloved of the family, it is taken to the veterinarian and put ‘to sleep’. This is seen as merciful. However, if a human is suffering unbearably, they do not have the same luxury of hastening their death. The difference is, of course, that the cat did not have a choice. In the one case where a person is capable of understanding death and their condition and capable of voicing what they want, they are unable to do so. Eleven years ago, Oregon State became the first to initiate the choice to a dignified death. Last year 341 terminally ill took advantage of the option. On the 4th November Washington will decide whether they will implement their own Death with Dignity Act (Yardley, 2008). Prior to this attempt to secure the law, they had failed to implement it because voters refused to vote in favour of the movement (Yardley, 2008). The truth of the matter is that the voters were not those who were going to make use of it. Strangely enough, a democratic society should by definition allow the rights of all people, not just those who are healthy. We could describe the situation as follows: Martin Luther King fought for equal rights to all citizens of the United States and so the liberated African American came into being. Susan B Anthony and Emiline Pankhurst became women’s rights activists fighting for the rights of women to be treated as equals and today we have the liberated woman. The Battle of Little Bighorn and several others fought for the rights of Native Americans to lands and equal rights and to an extent (only an extent), they have their freedom too. Now, place in the equation, the dying man or woman: cast into the same bracket as women, African Americans and Natives. Included in this bracket is the homosexual. The comparison here is that the choice to live or die is actually more morally decent that gay marriages are in the religious sector. Despite this, more emphasis is placed on homosexual rights than the right to die with dignity. Legality or merely creating an argument where there needn’t be one? Dr David Stolinksy considers the legal wrangle to be indecent. â€Å"An ethical question must be answered by reference to ethical standards such as the Hippocratic Oath. This oath has been taken by young physicians for 2400 years. †(Stolinsky, 2006). Stolinksy voraciously attacked articles he read about the essence of physician assisted suicide, saying that what is often read about the issue is packed to exploding with references to court cases, legal procedures and rulings, but that their never an ounce of ‘ethical wisdom’ contained in them. In his view, it is an ethical issue and never has been a legal one (Stolinksy, 2006). Stolinsky does not himself defend the physician assisted suicide, but makes a crucial point in saying that the law really has no idea what they are talking about (given that they have little to do with emaciated and uncomfortable terminally ill people). Dr Jack Kevorkian is a Parkinson’s sufferer and an activist for the right to die with dignity. In his case, he knows that one day he will be in an unbearable state and hopes that the choices he can make will help others to make similar decisions (Ferguson, 2007). Dr Ferguson believes that â€Å"Working at HospiceCare, where honoring every patients end-of-life choices is a core value, I have no dispute with Governor Gardners desire to make his own decisions as life draws to an end. †(Ferguson, 2007). Indeed seeing the dying on a daily basis, her argument is to allow as many choices as possible for the patient, not deny them any. Although she believes that proper pain management can be accomplished and that patients need not die in unbearable pain, she does believe the ultimate choice should be theirs. Let us be certain here of one thing and that is the difference between normal suicidal ideation and physician assisted suicide. Suicide due to self-mutilating circumstances (drugs and self hate), or even pure depression are situations that can be reversed and treated and there is the potential for the person to live a happy, healthy and full life. Physician assisted suicide is where the light at the end of the tunnel has been blocked off and the future is not so bright. Perhaps the most controversial and least comfortable argument is that of the death sentence. Simply put, if the death penalty is considered humane, then why is not humane to allow the choice to die with dignity. Furthermore, we have to look at the ethical argument that has been applied to the death sentence: by some rather twisted logical inception, the ability to take a life has been granted to a few people who believe it is their right to decide a criminal should die. If we are to use this as a comparative argument for physician assisted suicide then we can use the following example: A man rapes and murders several women. He is tried and found guilty with the sentence of death. The argument is that he is likely, by psychological profiling, to commit further atrocities and due to the severity of his crime, deserves to die. The question is, what if he never commits another crime and completely reforms himself? In the same light, a patient given 6 months to live and chooses the suicide route. He could very well have lived another ten years but who can say that he would have? In both cases there is a shadow of doubt – a risk. Lawrence Hinman of University of San Diego puts forward the awkward question too that the death penalty follows the lex talionis principle of an ‘eye for an eye’ and by extension a ‘life for a life’. He asks why then it is not applied to torturers (Hinman, 2008: 5). Evidently the principle does not work. By logic, this makes the lex talionis not only unfair but also impractical. A cancer sufferer is not a criminal, although they are not exempt from the disease, but if it appears to be ethical to take a life-for-a-life, then surely it is even more ethical to take ones own? You have more right to your own body then the judge on the podium does. So what the argument therefore entails is that if it is both legal and ethical (doubtful) to sentence someone to death, then it should be legal and ethical to let someone choose to die if they are ill. With regards to the argument that the patient may actually live, the same could be said for the rapist who may actually be able to donate blood or stem-cells for a leukaemia patient if he is given the right to live. Neither case can be proved or disproved. Are we left at square one again? It depends very much on which side of the proverbial fence you fall. A person can only really decide if something is ethical or moral really when they have experienced it themselves. The right to physician assisted suicide should be given. It is no more or less ethical than any other moralistic standpoint. Consider the debacle that still descends on gay marriages, abortion, and even forced prostitution: are they any more morally sound then physician assisted suicide? Consider if prostitution is legalised and the countless women held under torturous circumstances under that very law? Is that any more ethical? Given that the majority of voters in the United States are those that are not in the position where they have to face their death, the intentions are a little selfish. They are concerned for their own loss, not for the suffering of those who are about to die. The loved ones are more fearful of losing those close to them then they are concerned for the dignity and suffering of those who are dying.

Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Essay -- Economics Economy

The Federal Reserve is considered an independent central bank who is still held accountable to Congress. Monetary Policy is a tool that the government uses in order to influence the economy. The FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee) can affect monetary policy by using three tools. 1. Open Market Operation- the buying and selling of U.S. government securities 2. Altering reserve requirements- the amount of money banks must hold when its customers deposit monies. 3. Adjusting the discount rate- the interest rate charged to commercial banks. As of today the FOMC is changing interest rates to assist in inflation, intrest rates must change in order to make inflation better. A decision the FOMC makes for the good of our economy. Open Market is a way to influence the economy which is defined as the buying and selling of government securities. When the Federal Reserve feels the economy does not have enough money in the population they buy securities from members banks and increase the amount of money, if the Federal Reserve feels the economy has too much money in the population and want...

Film Classification Essay

After a long day’s work we all enjoy siting down in front of the tv screen and get lost in a movie of our choice. In that 1 hour 30 minutes to 2 hours we are lost in an alternative realty. Leaving all the stress of hours past and cheer on as Bruce Wayne puts on the Bat suit and kick some bad guys behind, or watch as Cameroon Diaz ignoring the guy who loves her and falls for a brat who doesn’t treat her right but in the end she ends up with the good guy and love wins. After which we feel better but go back to the real world with your land lord calling you endlessly. Films categorised in different genres depending on the theme and feel of the film. This helps to distinguish between what the film is about and we choose based on what we like. There are a number of types of films and they can be broken down to based on technics and stylistic methods used. In this I shall look at 6 major ones, Action, comedy, Drama, Musicals, Horror, and science fiction. James Bond, The Terminator, Batman, Avengers are all films that have thrilled millions of fans among other movies. This films usually are big budget have losts of stunt, explosions, car chases. They are fast passed, with a lot of gun fights, martial arts, or other forms of violent. Also you can include crime or gangster films, westerns war epics, and westerns. This films are highly charged and are best watched with popcon. Jim Carrey, Ben Stiller are but some of the comedians that have broght laughter to our homes for a while. Comedys is type of films that are funny. Usually filled with either dramatic humor or full on jokes that make as crack up. They are typically light and the plot is not that deep but all in a good time. Recommened to watch with company. Dramas on the other hand have heavy plots. The story drives the film and takes you with it. Titanic, lion King, Forest Gump are just but examples. Drama is probably the biggest type of films out there and you can name a lot of your favourite films in this genre. Recommended to watch with tissue tears might roll down. Musicals are movies that the characters sing instead of just talking through the film. Les Miserables that just came out recently is a perfect example of this types of films. They are very tenichal and fun to watch, it like watching a really long music video. Reccomeneded to watch with a date. The Grudge, Paranormal Activity, The ring, The Saw series are among some of the horror films that have kept us awake. This movies are dark in nature, they tend to provoke our worst fears. Usually very terrifying and highly captivating and deeply shooking. Reccomeneded to watch under a blanket and with the doors shut. And finally science fiction films. Movies are fantasy bassed, highly imaginative more tecknologikally advanced than our present times. Most of the time they are set in the future with projected visions of machines computers and Robots that are not there around right now. Star Wars, Star Trek, Terminator, Iron Man, and I robot are among the films in this genre. Reccomended to watch in any with an open mind. Though this are the basic film types you could break them down even further. There are too many films out there some that can fit in two or more groups. You could go on to break it down depending on style, theme, directing and many more.

Barriers to Accessing Health Care Services

In this essay I am going to critically analyse diversity within the National Health Service (NHS. I will briefly focus on barriers to accessing health care services in relation to age, race, disability, gender and culture and sexual orientation. I will consider the barriers which have unintentionally been put into place within different health services for both service users and members of staff, and the measures that have been taken in order to redress these issues by the government, NHS and Department of Health (DOH). Diversity is the inclusion of all irrespective of an individual’s age, race, capabilities, cultural background, gender or sexual orientation. The St. Helens and Knowsley NHS trust affirm this ideal describing diversity as, â€Å"Different individuals valuing each other regardless of skin, intellect, talents or years. † This is a quote the St. Helen’s and Knowsley trust have used from the Equality Act 2000 on their website to show their beliefs surrounding diversity. In society every individual is born differently, such as hair colour, skin colour, male or female, sexual orientation (depending on your belief that sexual orientation is genetic and not environmental), born into different religious and cultural backgrounds. As the U. K. has become ever more a multi-cultural society, issues such as diversity and anti-discriminatory practices have become ever more significant within our society. An individual who has been treated differently or received an unequal quality of service based on a preconceived idea due to a minority group they may identify themselves with have been discriminated against. Within the NHS these minority groups are known as characteristics, as in characteristics which help build an individual’s idea of their own self-concept. Since the Equality Act was up-dated in 2010 the NHS have not only included race, culture, gender, capabilities, religious beliefs and sexual orientation but also now include, pregnancy/ maternity, marriage/civil partnerships and carers as part of their protected characteristics policy. (http://www. nhs. uk). For the first time the law also protects people who are at risk of discrimination by association or perception. This could include, for example, a carer who cares for a disabled person† (http://www. nhs. uk) There are two forms which discrimination can take place the first is called direct discrimination. Direct discrimination is when an individual is treated differently usually negatively or unfairly compared to others based on the individual identifying themself with one of the above protected characteristics. Indirect discrimination is when a law, policy or procedure has been put into place, which applies to everyone, but this law, policy or procedure will disadvantage individuals who associate or identify themselves with the above protected characteristics. However due to organisations focusing too much on anti-discriminatory practice a new controversial concept of positive discrimination has begun to emerge, this is also being called positive/ affirmative action. Positive discrimination is where minorities or individuals, who associate or identify themselves with the protected characteristics, are given preferential treatment to others. An example of this would be two candidates who are both equally qualified for a job, however one candidate is a white, heterosexual male and the other candidate is a black, homosexual female, by positive discrimination the second candidate would receive the position. Positive discrimination can be due to pressure felt by the organisation to employ a diverse work force, to fill a quota to ensure the organisation cannot be accused of being discriminatory or historical guilt for issues such slavery. â€Å"The idea of positive discrimination came from the US where an ‘affirmative action’ programme has been used to try and ensure the make-up of certain workplaces reflects that of society. † (http://www. findlaw. co. uk) It has been suggested that the root cause of discrimination is due to prejudice. Prejudice is a stereotyped, pre-conceived idea of the way an individual or social group should portray themselves within society (Walsh et al, 2005). For example all Irish people drink alcohol excessively. â€Å"Prejudices can be a result of your own beliefs and values, which can often come into conflict with work situations. † (Pg. 194, Nolan et al, 2005). There are no laws in place against being actively prejudice, this is why the law concentrates against discriminatory practices. (Walsh et al, 2005. ) Ageism is commonly thought of as discrimination against the elderly; many nursing and health and social care textbooks affirm this belief, Kydd et al (2009, Pg. 49) state that â€Å"Ageism is the generalisation of old age as a social problem, this has contributed to the negative stereotyping and ageist practices in relation to older people. † However this is a false perception. Ageism can affect individuals of all ages, for example in 2004 the upper age limitations of free breast screening were 69, (http://www. imsersomayores. sic) however due to a growing older population this age restriction was raised to 73 in 2010 and the lower age limitation remained at 47. (http://www. cancerscreening. nhs. uk). Studies carried by the cancer research charity show â€Å"The 5 Most Commonly Diagnosed Cancers in Females, Average Percentages and Numbers of New Cases, by Age, UK, 2007-2009† (http://www. cancerresearchuk. org). Breast cancer is highest in both categories of women aged 2 5-49 and 50-74, however in the group 25-49 breast cancer was more prevalent by 10% (43%) compare to the 34% in the group of women aged 50-74. These figures show there is a need for the lower age restriction to be reduced. This NHS policy for age restrictions on breast screening needs to be reviewed as it can be viewed to be discriminatory towards women in the UK under 47 who are proven to be in need of this health service. Racism is the belief that one race is superior to another; (walsh et al, 2005) throughout history millions have faced discrimination and persecution due to this belief the most prevalent examples of this is in the Jewish community and the Black community. As the UK continues to become a more diverse, multi- cultural society racism continues to plague Britain. Penketh (2000, Pg. 7) affirms this by stating, â€Å"Black people are more likely to be ‘stopped and searched’, arrested, imprisoned and even to die in custody than whites. † Studies carried out by Unison, the UK’s largest healthcare trades union found that 70% of their non-Caucasian client’s employed by the NHS had experienced ‘racism or racial discrimination’ at work, some employees had experienced verbal abuse and physical abuse in relation to their race. (http://www. unison. org. uk). From this study the NHS have brought out an initiative to help eradicate racism within the NHS, part of this initiative is to have a better complaints and redress system in place, as three quarters of the employees in this study who experienced racism or racial discrimination were unsatisfied with the outcome when the incident was reported to their management. Disablism refers to prejudices against individuals who have suffered ‘mental, physical or sensory impairments’. In the past words such as lunatic, spastic and cripple were acceptable words used within health care settings as a way to describe an individual with specific needs. These terms are still rife within society today. (Walsh et al, 2005). Goodley (2011, Pg. 24) states â€Å"People with some form of impairment are likely to experience social disadvantage, a lack of opportunities and unfair discrimination. † Barton (2002) agrees with this as Barton theorises that individuals with a sensory, physical or mental impairment will at some stage in their life experience oppression in both institutional and individual forms, this can be due to absence of choices, barriers to funding, unforeseen deterioration in their impairment or general ignorance. Within the NHS discriminatory practices occurs on a regular basis despite programmes such as ‘Valuing People Now’ being released by the DOH in 2009, this was a three year strategy to help improve the quality of life for individuals with learning difficulties. This year MENCAP have released a report called ‘Death by Indifference: 74 deaths and Counting. ’ This report highlights the failings within the NHS to provide an equal quality of care for those with specific needs and learning difficulties. The main areas of failing that subsequently lead to the needless deaths of many patients with learning difficulties are failure to recognise pain, poor communication, diagnostic overshadowing, and delayed treatments, inappropriate DNR’s and lack of basic care. Throughout the report it is emphasised the lack of compliance not only to the Equality Act but also the Mental Capacity Act, in relation to DNR’s being allocated to patients without the consent or the knowledge of the patient’s family, friends or advocate. Again a major issue within the report is the NHS complaints and redress system in place. MENCAP,2012) â€Å"In this report we deal with the inadequacies of the NHS complaints process. On average it can take 18 months- 2 years to reach the Local stage, and between 2 years- 4 years to complete the ombudsman stage. † (MENCAP,2012, Pg. 7). Sexism is the belief that one gender is superior compared to the opposite sex, it is generally felt that women tend to be sexually discriminated against within society more so than men. (Walsh et al 2005). Within the health care profession a patient may express a preference in the gender of the health care practitioner (HCP) who provides their personal care (Smith t al, 2011). This is not to be seen as sexual discrimination against the HCP, by noncompliance with the patient’s request this can be viewed as discrimination against the patient’s religious and cultural beliefs. However due to under funding and under staffing with the NHS the ability for HCP to fulfil these requests has been compromised. â€Å"Modesty in dress and a requirement to be treated by a doctor/nurse of the same sex is also important in some religions. NHS staff should consider these requirements in order to preserve the dignity of the patient. However, it is not always possible or feasible to provide same-sex attendance, particularly without adequate notice that this might be an issue, and this should be made clear at the time of making appointments† (DOH, 2009) The Royal College recognise the need for a review within staffing levels within their 2011 report Mandatory Nurse Staffing levels, they also acknowledge the impact staffing levels have on a patient, they state, â€Å"There is a growing body of evidence which shows nurse staffing levels makes a difference to patient outcomes, patient experience, quality of care, and the efficiency of care delivered. (RCN, 2011). Within a female dominated profession such as nursing it is felt that males tend to be more so discriminated against sexually than females. A recent example of this on a national news level is the case of Andrew Moyhing, a male student nurse who won a sexual discrimination case against the NHS. He was told by a female staff nurse that he would need to be chaperone by a member of staff as he attached an electro-cardio machine to a female patient, due to ‘intimate care’ required . Mr Moyhing felt this was unfair as female students on the same ward were unsupervised when carrying out personal hygiene and intimate care on male patients. The Equality Opportunities Commission supported Mr Moyhing releasing this statement, â€Å"The Employment Appeal Tribunal was right to find that it was not acceptable to have a chaperoning policy based on lazy stereotyping, Male nurses are still seen as a bit of an oddity simply because there are so many more women in the profession than men despite the fact that so many doctors are male. † (www. ews. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/health). The charity ManKind this year released a report presenting the ‘Seven Challenges Male Victims Face’, it highlights various forms of sexism especially within statutory service such as the NHS, â€Å"Practically all training with in the police, NHS and local authorities is aimed at women as the victims, men as the perpetrators. † (See appendix 2). Cultural discrimination is when a s ociety does not accommodate or recognise the needs of an individual or group of people from a different religious or cultural background. As a society there will be expectations of what the ‘social norms’ are, what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. When an individual or social group show beliefs or needs that do not fit in with our own social norms they can be met with hostility and intolerance. (Walsh et al, 2005). â€Å"Cultural barriers can prevent, for example consideration of spiritual, relational or dietary needs that do not conform to traditional expectations. † (www. bridgingthegap. scot. nhs. uk). There are many areas of patient care which are can be jeopardised due to ignorance of cultural beliefs, examples of these which are emphasised in the NHS guidelines for cultural and religious beliefs are: Diet- many religions are restricted as to what types of food they can eat, and how the food was prepared, for example an orthodox Jew will not eat pork or any meal that has come into contact with a pork product, Muslims also have similar beliefs surrounding food preparation. Personal Hygiene- as mentioned before patients often express preference to the gender of the HCP who assist with their personal care. An orthodox Muslim will only wash in running water, therefore offering a basin of water to wash in may be seen as offensive. Palliative care and Dying- each religion has different views are to how a body should be ‘laid out’, when a patient dies the patient is given the Last Offices, if a patient is Christian a bible is also usually set in the room, however some religions find it offensive for anyone except the family to ‘lay the body out’. http://www. bfwh. nhs. uk). This is why more importance needs to be emphasised on patient admissions and filling in the ADL forms to the best of our ability, as it can prevent any future offence or discriminatory practices. As you can see in the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (see appendix one) spiritual needs are mentioned, however the contents of the ADL will vary from trust to trust an d all trusts do not include religion or spiritual needs. In the caring profession patients have shown signs of frustration, confusion and anger as their cultural beliefs are not met, over looked or ignored. (Leininger, 1991). Discrimination based on sexual orientation, Roper, Logan and Tierney identify sexuality as one of the ADL (Mckenna et al, 2008), within each NHS trust it varies as to what is recognised as an ADL. As you can see (appendix one) the trust I work for have not included sexuality. Many people within society see sex as a taboo subject and therefore find it a difficult topic to approach and discuss openly, however sexual health is a part of holistic health and should be taken as seriously as any other aspect of health such as mental, emotional or physical. The World Health Organisation defines health as, â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. †(WHO, 1948). Studies have shown that the homosexual community are greatly disadvantaged and are the least likely group that identify with the protected characteristics to access health services. There are a variety of reasons due to this such as, a patient may not be openly gay, when they do access health services a majority of the time assumptions are made the reason for accessing that health service is related to the patients sexual health, also when homosexuals do access sexual health services they feel a stigma of promiscuity has been attached to the homosexual community. (Dunn et al, 2010). In conclusion from this essay I have realised barriers to health service access are a key factor in differential health outcomes among population groups within society. WHO, 2001) Although policies and procedures have been put in place by governing bodies to decrease the occurrence of discriminatory practice, these policies are not always effective; they are only effective when they are enforced by the organisation. Within the health care profession we must always strive to respect an all aspects of an individual’s identify and self-concept (Walsh et al, 2005). Simple measures such as filling in an ADL to the best of your ability can be a preventative method to causing future offence, or discrimination to a patient.

Giraffatitan - Facts and Figures

Giraffatitan - Facts and Figures Name: Giraffatitan (Greek for giant giraffe); pronounced jih-RAFF-ah-tie-tan Habitat: Plains and woodlands of Africa Historical Period: Late Jurassic (150 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 80 feet long and 40 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; quadrupedal posture; longer front than hind legs; long, massive neck About Giraffatitan Giraffatitan is one of those dinosaurs that dances around the fringes of respectability: its existence is attested to by numerous fossil specimens (discovered in the African nation of Tanzania), but the suspicion lingers that this giant giraffe was actually a species of an existing genus of sauropod, most likely Brachiosaurus. However Giraffatitan winds up being classified, theres no doubt that it was one of the tallest (if not one of the heaviest) sauropods ever to walk the earth, with a hugely elongated neck that would have allowed it to hold its head more than 40 feet above ground level (a pose that most paleontologists think is unrealistic, considering the metabolic demands this would have placed on Giraffatitans heart). Although Giraffatitan does bear a marked resemblance to a modern giraffeespecially considering its long neck and longer front than hind legsits name is a bit deceptive. Most dinosaurs that end with the Greek root titan are titanosaursthe widespread family of thunderous, four-legged plant-eaters that evolved from the sauropods of the late Jurassic period, and were characterized by their large sizes and   lightly armored skin. Even at 80 feet long and upwards of 30 to 40 tons, Giraffitan would have been dwarfed by the true titanosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era, such as Argentinosaurus and the oddly spelled Futalognkosaurus, both of which lived in late Cretaceous South America.

Remarkable Telecommunication Revolution Assignment - 2

Remarkable Telecommunication Revolution - Assignment Example The mobile phone handset market has various powerfully interlinked entities. It is significant that the popularity and dominance of each company show a discrepancy in each market.  In this industry, major operator’s function using a wide-ranging set of diverse operation modes. Nokia, for example, has factories, R&D, and sales offices all around the world. The factories are generally situated in low-cost nations but most R&D centers are functioning in countries with advanced research and â€Å"R&D† infrastructure such as the United States, Switzerland, Germany, and Finland. The competing companies considered at this point are the mobile handset manufacturers who perform to make their business safe or fight back with the limited factors of production. Internationalization is happening in all areas of the organization. Especially in â€Å"telecommunications† sector, changes are happening each day. The traditional theories of the process of internationalization of organizations are mainly based on the researches carried out on MNC’s engaged in manufacturing. These theories suggest that the firms can start their â€Å"internationalization† by entering into â€Å"foreign markets† with a small â€Å"psychic distance† by entering into â€Å"foreign markets† such as geographical and culturally close nations. Also, the companies can start their â€Å"internationalization† â€Å"internationalization† along with less committed function modes, such as exports, before the commitment of more capital by spending in the â€Å"foreign markets†. The procedure is linear and ultimately develops into a â€Å"global strategy† by the companies.

Read 7 articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Read 7 articles - Essay Example After the hurricane had wreaked havoc a great effort went in for rescuing those stuck in it. This effort could have been well spent to provide relief to the affected. Thus we conclude, that key officers, especially those in decision making posts should be trained to handle emergency decision making. Special leadership programs should be initiated where officers and politicians holding key positions are trained to respond to emergency and take effective decisions in the minimum possible time. Alternately, the officers can be taught emergency decision making with the help of Department of Defense, in special camps, where they are acquainted with emergency response methods of the armed force. Decision to evacuate can also be practiced in simulated exercises and circumstances. The second major impairment occurred due to failure of communication channels and absence of command and control system. The authorities in all major cities especially the coastal areas should be networked through satellite wireless communication network. A satellite wireless network has minimum chances of damage in event of a natural calamity. Even in normal times, the wireless network should be put to use to check its efficacy. Alternately, a computer program of wireless network can be maintained at all the state capitals and the Headquarters. Such program can be used to materialize, an emergency network, in a particular area in the shortest possible time. The National Communication System should be strengthened with all the above suggestions. The third factor that affected the rescue work was the civil-military coordination. Though the army provided emergency help its prowess could not be put to full use due to lack of coordination. The civil-military coordination can be increased in by conducting emergency management drills during normal times. The military and civil officials can meet more often, discuss and plan out emergency

Carol-Columbia-essay2,3-0923-ec 19970 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Carol-Columbia-essay2,3-0923-ec 19970 - Essay Example The case was not much different with the ‘Standard Translation Planning and Management System’ (TPMS), a tool for managing the IBM globalization and localization process. The generation system set as per the standard protocols of the related technology, developed by a team of engineers from Egypt, failed poorly with regard to utility, steadily affecting customer satisfaction. In 2007, I was appointed as Manager of a new team with the responsibility of renovating the existing system and developing a Next Generation TPMS .An extensive research into the technicalities of the system, and upon taking the opinion of the clients, I could detect four major drawbacks of the ‘standard’ system .They were ‘very slow performance’, ‘lesser customer utility’, ‘too complicated advanced features’ and an ‘unfriendly user interface’. A shift in the focus from the theoretical technology standards to very practical customer friendliness was the basic change needed. The primary attention in the architecture of the new system was to select tools as per user’s requirement. On a customer based investigation, some users required the replacement of ‘desktop application’ with ‘web application’ so as to enjoy a clean application added with the ease to use. As the others’ concern was system response time, they opted for desktop application which was faster than the web application. A trial to integrate the requirements of this wide range of customers gave us the thought of blending both the applications which was quite new to the knowledge base and expertise of IBM. The product was to be formulated based on practical mix of both the tools. The challenge was to bridge the standard framework and the practical architectural tools. The effort started with a feasibility study and I gradually led the process of prototype development. Finally we invented a desktop web-client architecture which ensured

Distribution Channels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Distribution Channels - Essay Example It involves providing important features of the product that makes it stand out from the competitors. In addition, the people element refers to how the service and the expertise and skills of the people who work for the organization who help in the achievement of a company’s goals and objectives as well as beat competition. Finally we have the place also known as the distribution channel which is a channel of activities that acts as a bridge between the producer of a product and the actual user of the product (Armstrong & Kotler, 2009). All the marketing mix elements are important to an organization but the distribution channel is the most important and effective manner in which the product gets to the hands of the customer. The distribution channel entails a chain of intermediaries that helps passing of the product from the manufacturer to the end user. In addition, distribution channels are important as they simplify how products will get to the end user. Marketing channel plays a key role in the organization as marketers plan on how goods or services get to the customer. The marketing channel includes one or more marketing intermediaries who execute several marketing functions. These middlemen act as information providers to the manufacturer. They provide development changes like demography, media habits, entry of new competitors, as well as the emergence of a new product in the market. The most valuable time about middlemen is that they get information first hand as they always present in the market place and close to the customer therefore can get this important information at no extra costs. In addition, marketing channel intermediaries exist to make goods and services more available and accessible to the market. They offer contacts, experience, and economies of scale to those organizations that would not do these attributes on their own. The distribution channels affect other marketing decisions therefore making it

Online Fashion Business

Online Fashion Business Online Fashion Business – A new trend of teenagers being interested and broad participation. Just type in the phrase online fashion business into the search box on the network, you can get over 10 million results from google, with the names of several fashion brands, big and small. This shows a little nimble, daring the small amount of investment, many people have become young boss without much capital, but the revenue appears in front. Just one click, even though you are at home, at your office or wherever you are, you can also freely select and purchase the products that you like on the internet. Its the new trend of young people being interested and broad participation. Online Sales phrase is not too strange to people. It is a form of offering, introducing the product on the internet and consumers also deals to buy products online. English entrepreneur Michael Aldrich invented online shopping in 1979. Although it appeared for a long time in the big city, this movement received the lively participation of young teenage about 1-2 years. In 2013, we have witnessed a real boom in this business field. In addition, the needs of modern life, consumers have become more intelligent as more and more people decide to shop online. In the survey, 24-hour shopping, Avoiding crowds and convenience topped the list of Reasons Consumers plan to spend more online this year. Grasping the growing demand, the youth have created a business start-up by the internet. Think of the fashion business to open shop simply because they are aesthetic or good computational ability that will make teenagers more easily get a strong attachment to the development of his favorite became a real career. Agree with this point of view, If you have a passion for fashion and love clothes, starting an online clothing boutique apparel friend the perfect business for you. These are the basic elements but decisive, and if teenager understand and apply, they are almost 80% successful, 20% remaining is the creativity, the flexibility and your recklessness when deciding to participate in the online business world. It is necessary to identify the benefits you easily achieve when starting online business. The primary benefit of the online shop is not spending too much initial investment cost for renting store, cabinets, products display racks, store decoration, Therefore, the cost of starting a business is very simple, just a laptop, a camera, online time, and a source of stable products. You do not have to be a headache to calculate, organize expenses to fit with your little startup capital. The second benefit is the advantage and the power of online marketing to advertise widely for your shop. The social networking site is an extremely lively world and possesses a large number of potential customers. At first, customers are often colleagues, friends, and spread to the other provinces. While young entrepreneurs often worry about the lack of customers, but the business through the internet attracted a large customer. The numbers of people visiting the site from commercial communities are often 100-1000 / people / minute. Through that shop owners can more accessible to customers, not limited by geographical distance. This is a characteristic of this type of business. Another benefit of small-scale business is that you will not take a lot of capital, when the risks appear. Because your investment is small, your mistakes do not pay too much financially. Therefore, with the little capital, lack of experience, the online businessis the first direction you should think about if you want to try business. Round of young people success in this field, they were really excited and share practical point of their current job. Thuy Linh, 21, owner of online shop specializing in fashionable South Korea, said: I often learn dressing style of Korean youth and realize that this is one fashion trend is very popular in Vietnam. I have set up a facebook account, add friends to advertise products and tag people in photos. In just one week, Ive sold almost all the goods which I have because the price is too low, an average of 90-180 thousand dollars / item . In addition, the Vietnamese hotgirls are not also missing the opportunity to get rich with sales trends on this network. Secret Lylys success a famous Vietnamese hotgirl is smart, agile and beautiful, so instead of paying rent model, Lyly took photos of herself to introduce shop new products. Business is the most difficult stage first. Early days, the market competition with the branded shop, Lyly feels anxiety and great pressure. Fortunately because customers who have purchased products have continued to come back and invite their friends, it is now a bustling business. Share with their career, online businessis more and more develope by 8X, 9X generations, who are trying to be experienced and successful as those people. Without any success is easy, so it also has many challenges and especially you must take courage and confidence to have a good start. Im a big fan of Small Business Ownership. I think its the backbone of innovation. But to be successful, you first have to have the courage to go for it. Therefore, to business efficiency and long-term development, there are very few who can do that. Moreover increasingly competitive market requires the online business to get a clear development strategy and more important to understand the rules of business on the Internet can be successful. In the business world, everyone is paid in two coins: cash and experience. Take the experience first; the cash will come later. In fact, while many people have invested a lot of money to open a business establishment then quickly closed, it has many businesses are started with a few hundred dollars and development long-term growth. In short, you must have the courage to face to face with any challenge with confiden ce and assertiveness when building your own business.   Ã‚   Besides the great benefits of online shopping, actually, it has defective when you use it. There are plenty of people taking advantage of online business to scam consumers that make people panic and lose faith in online sales. Because, if you are not careful, you will buy products unlike with images, poor quality or loss of the deposit. As a result, they fooled once then make sure they will not look to shop it again. Therefore, even if you do any business or profession, do not look at the immediate interests and forget the long term benefits. The strong growth of the internet has created numerous ways and opportunities to make money especially attractive, in that, there are ways that you ever previously considered impossible. Young people also fast catching up the trend of business and engaged with a large force. The dynamism and creativity of the youth has made many online products very unique. By the way, benefits that this form of trading bringing is not small. However, the trend of hundreds of sellers, buyers thousands, the online store owners need to ensure credibility, quality products, honest pricing. Especially, just a computer network, you can sell to anyone, anywhere, without having to work hard search for a place to open a store, nor headache decorated with or recruiting staff. Starting with little capital, online business is one of the wise choice and quite safe for people who want to try in the field of business. References Online shopping.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 5 May 2014. Web. 5 May 2014. . CHANG, JOYCE, NIKKI GAMER, and , LAURA KALIEBE. Catalog Comeback: Retailers turn to paper catalogs to boost online sales.Catalog Comeback: Retailers turn to paper catalogs to boost online sales. N.p., 5 May 2014. Web. 5 May 2014. . McFarlin, Kate , and Demand Media. How to Open an Online Clothing Boutique.. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 May 2014. . Rancic, Bill . Small Business Quotes.BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 5 May 2014. . S. Geneen, Harold. Business World Quotes.BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 5 May 2014. .

What has the Internet done to Radio Listenership? :: Essays Papers

What has the Internet done to Radio Listenership? Annie McBride (name changed to protect the internationally famous) is a junior at Syracuse University who hails from the land of Guinness across the Atlantic. She has regularly kept in contact with her native land by listening to and calling the premier student run radio station in the Ireland, LSRfm at the Leeds University. She was an American correspondent who informed the listeners of LSM about the latest fads, movies, and television shows in the United States. The radio station is broadcast over the internet, and will be returning to the FM dial in Ireland in 2006. (lsmfm.com) LSMfm is part of a trend that has been growing since the late 1990s: internet radio broadcasting. Many radio stations, like LSM in Leeds, Ireland and z89 in Syracuse, New York, have live audio streams of their broadcasts in real time. This allows anyone on the planet to listen to their favorite local station, no matter how far away from home they may be. The internet also allows for access to an extraordinary range of music. All of this is contributing to radio losing its foothold in society to the internet. One of the main reasons that the internet has become such a popular source for music is its diversity. Kim Vasey (2005) says â€Å"†¦Internet radio (has) brought alternative music choices that mostly cannot be found on the 'dial,'†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Newswire Association, 2005). These days, terrestrial radio stations have to take into account a wide diversity in their listeners’ musical tastes. In order to satisfy everyone’s palette, â€Å"the best a station can hope to do is program it's content so it hits "the middle" which, inevitably leads to little risk taking and bland programming.† (Deitz, http://radio.about.com/) This bland programming is of course what the turnoff for most radio listeners is in the first place, driving them to other annals of consumption, mostly the internet. A study done by a consumer research company called NPD reveals online radio listening is on the rise. â€Å"The research from NPD centers around people listening to music on thei r computers. It points to 77.2% of users having moved in this direction, and 55.3 million now listening to radio online.†(Music Online http://www.audiographics.com/) The internet is the one of the leading alternatives to terrestrial radio because it is so ready to use. The software is extremely accessible, and it is rare, in this day and age, that a computer is not hooked up to the internet.

African American Gay Rights Essay

I cannot begin to argue about African American/Hispanic LGBT, living in New York City and their civil rights without remembering the public outcry against black civil rights. Although the focus of this paper is on African American/Hispanic LGBT living in New York City and Their Rights to Marriage I have decided to start my paper of by discussing the civil rights movement of the 1960’s. The civil rights movement of the 1960’s and the continuing struggle against race-based discrimination were rooted in the struggle against slavery. As early as the eighteen hundreds the United States legislative had laws known as segregation laws that limited certain freedom to them. They had to live in separate neighborhood, attend separate schools, drive in the back of public buses verses in the front where Whites were; African American would not dare go against these laws back then because if and when they did, they were unjustly imprisoned, beaten lynched and more for just trying to exercise human rights. In the 1960s African Americans led a fight to remove the legally codified vestiges of slavery from our constitution and from state and local laws. Most repulsive among these, were Jim Crow laws that required racial segregation; African Americans had to endure all these things until The Civil Rights Movement. The modern concept of civil rights was pioneered by African Americans in their long struggle to become full citizens of the United States. From the Civil Rights Movement to the Stonewall Riots of 1969 to May 17, 2004, the LGBTQ movement has made some tremendous gains into mainstream society, a reality that has not been afforded to African Americans. The African American Civil Rights Movement gave birth to many other civil rights movements in the 1960s. African Americans not only made new law, their success gave new hope. Among the many efforts sparked by the African American Civil Rights Movements were the efforts to end discrimination against women, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, people with disabilities and lesbians and gays. Some African American still has one more river to cross because now African American LGBT are fighting a new civil war, the fight for same sex marriage; the right to be legally married. Currently, marriage has two distinct components: civil marriage and the religious ritual of marriage. Mixed-gender couples can have a civil marriage without the religious ceremony/ritual. Couples can have a religious ceremony/ritual, without a civil marriage. Some couples can choose both. However, to receive the legal protections of marriage, a couple must have a civil marriage, which is the only marriage that can be addressed by courts or legislatures. The LBGT believe that the rights and legal protections of civil marriage that are given to mixed-gender couples and families should also be extended to couples and families who are headed by same-gender couples. These include the rights of survivorship, inheritance, insurance, joint income tax filing, and a myriad of rights that many mixed-gender couples take for granted. For African American LGBT, state regulation has been particularly harsh. State sodomy law has had a way of preventing LGBT from acquiring some of the rights they are entitle to. Today, fewer than half the state has sodomy laws. LGBT recognizes New York City for being the birth place for many modern gay movements; however, New York has not yet passed any law giving LGBT legal protection and political support, (right to marriage being on of them). New York State gay rights bill, first introduced in 1971, still has not become law. While other states, like Vermont has established civil unions for LGBT, New York has not. Andy Humm writes that the biggest gay-related debate throughout the country right now is over government sanction of same-sex elationships. Vermont has gone the furthest, establishing â€Å"civil unions† for gay couples that confer almost all of the rights to which a married man and woman are entitled, though stopping short of full legal marriage. New Yorkers may travel to Vermont for the civil ceremony as of July 1, but there is some question as to what legal weight it will carry back home. The federal government enacted the â€Å"Defense of Marriage Act† (DOMA) in 1996 when it looked as if Hawaii might give same-sex couples marriage licenses. It barred federal recognition of legal same-sex marriages performed in any state and gave the other states the right not to honor such a contract. Thirty-two states have passed laws barring recognition of same-sex marriages performed in other states, even though no state or nation allows gay couples to obtain a marriage license. (Holland will likely be the first in 2001. ) A New York version of the Defense of Marriage Act is pending in Albany, but has not had a vote in either chamber. Bibliography Diane Silver et al. , The New Civil War: The Lesbian and Gay Struggle For Civil Rights (New York; New York:1997), 25-26 Andy Humm, â€Å"The State of gay rights in New York,† Available http://www. gothamgazette. com/iotw/gayrights/ (Accessed May 16, 2005).

Post Freudian theorists and their theories Essay

As indicated earlier, key personality developmental theories that were developed after Freud’s psychoanalytic theory were either directly derived of it or aimed at criticizing some of its major components. a) Erik Erickson i) Stages of development Barbara (2008) and Lieberman (2007) agree that the work of Eric Erickson was a direct derivative of Freudian considerations in human development. Eric Erickson theory of psychosocial development concurred with Freudian view that life, development and challenges develop in stages. Psychosocial theory further builds the notion of the ‘ego’ which was largely brought out by Freud as external reality inculcation to one’s mind. Particularly, the stages of Erickson psychosocial development strongly cohere with Sigmund’s work. Clara et al (2008) explain that stage one of Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development is reflected through ‘trust versus mistrust’ largely because the child is entirely dependent on the caregivers. Like Freud mentioned the pleasure a child derives from oral stimulation, Erickson emphasized on the resulting intimacy as a platform in propelling the child to the next stages. Therefore, Erickson’s first stage borrows the concept of external environment in creating enough force for the next stage. In the second stage of psychosocial development, Erickson equally borrows from Freud’s ‘anal stage’ which is a critical training factor. Nelson-Jones (2005) explains that from a higher consideration, Erickson argued that learning to go to the toilet gave a strong sense of control and therefore great independence. As Freud clearly brought out the notion of the ego, Erickson’s third stage of initiative versus guilt emphasizes the assertion of power and control which plays an important role in the later stages development. Erickson indicated that many children seek to assert their superiority among others but with careful considerations of the existing repercussions (Marrie and Janneke-van, 2007). Notably, Erickson agrees with Freud that parents and caretakers must step in to facilitate the needed reassurance and therefore avoid guilt to their young ones. It is however worth noting that Erickson strongly differed with Freud on how long development persists in an individual’s life. While Freud postulated that personality development only lasted to the genital stage when an individual starts getting interested in sexual relationship with those of the opposite sex, Erickson postulated that developed progressed to the old age (Busch, 2009). However, scholars appear to be strongly divided with one group considering the latter Erickson’s work to be based on criticism of the Freud’s work and therefore its advancement (Barbara, 2008). ii) The notion of fixation One resilient notion of Freud’s work is the notion of succession between different stages. Though they do not necessary cohere on time and expected repercussions, both theorists agree that people at different stages must go through them successfully or get fixated (Hayes, 2004). Fixation as Henry (2009) point out denotes the inability to progress since latter stages are entirely dependent on the previous stages success. Erickson argued that all stages present an individual with two negating outcomes; positive and negative. For example between year five to eleven, Erickson indicated that a successful individual will become industrious while the unsuccessful ones will suffer inferiority (Laura and Pam, 2007). b) Lacanian theory In his work, largely referred to as the return of Freud, Emile Lacan’s concepts appear to be fully defined by the former (Adam, 2008). Though Lacan strongly criticized the Freud’s separation of the conscious (ego) and unconscious (id), he largely employed the same concepts in his work. Lacan argued that the conscious and unconscious considerations of the mind were not different, but operated from a highly sophisticated and complex outline compared to Freud’s consideration. Locan mirror as Brickman (2009) and Gottdiener (2008) conclusions suggest is formative and a derivative of the experience an individual gets during development. Therefore, the paradigm of the imagery to be effective during the younger years as opposed to the old age which is more subjective fits the Freudian connotation of development persisting only to the genital stage.

Understanding Lily for Woolfs To the Lighthouse Essay Example

Understanding Lily for Woolfs To the Lighthouse Essay Example Understanding Lily for Woolfs To the Lighthouse Essay Understanding Lily for Woolfs To the Lighthouse Essay Essay Topic: Mrs Dalloway Understanding Lily Understanding Virginia Woolf’s mind within the weaving prose of To the Lighthouse is an undertaking that forces the reader to step back and consider, and indeed, reconsider everything that has just been read, assuming of course, that everything within her evolving story is remembered and comprehended. Woolf is known to challenge her readers with her unstructured worldview as to how an individual appears as people perceive the world around them. She uses her novels for more than just telling stories, but her stories are not merely a method in which to ultimately tell a moral. Both the story and the messages that can be taken from them are integrally important to Woolf’s literature. To the Lighthouse shares a similar message to Mrs. Dalloway, another one of Woolf’s better known works. Lily Briscoe reveals this particular message well when she muses that â€Å"fifty pairs of eyes were not enough to get round that one woman with† (Woolf 198). This is to say, Mrs. Ramsay could not be understood from fifty different perspectives, let alone one. For Woolf, labeling someone, or choosing to view a person from only one viewpoint is a narrow understanding of an individual and is a discredit to mankind. This applies to how her books are perceived too, for it would seem that Woolf hated the idea of having her readers only come away with only one collective impression. Therefore, the moral of being sure to view an individual with many different viewpoints is only one part of To the Lighthouse, and assuming that it is the only viewpoint of this story would do injustice to Woolf’s intentions. However, it is a central part to the development of Lily Briscoe, the frustrated artist staying with the Ramsays; trying to paint what she sees. Woolf includes changing elements to all of her characters, but her major characters are especially diverse, a trait that ensures that no one viewpoint can be generalized about any of them. Lily plays a central part to the story, a part that is more obscure and hidden from the reader than the parts of other major characters, but a part that in the end is crucial to understanding the many viewpoints that built To the Lighthouse into the multifaceted piece of literature that makes it famous. Lily is not initially set up to be a character that the reader is meant to be drawn to. Her introduction is an abrupt thought from the mind of Mrs. Ramsay: â€Å"with her little Chinese eyes and her puckered-up face, she would never marry; one could not take her painting very seriously; she was an independent little creature† (17). She is terrified of anyone seeing her painting, she keeps a large part of her senses and attention on making sure no one comes up behind her instead of focusing on finishing her painting. First impressions of Lily amount to an image of some paranoid little animal that thinks itself the prey of its own species; when she realizes that Mr. Bankes had come around her and was now analyzing her painting, she â€Å"winced like a dog who sees a hand raised to strike it† (52). Another uncertainty raised against her is her character, which is continually examined throughout the story as being easily impressed upon. Charles Tansley is an individual for whom Lily harbors no love. Even so, his words â€Å"women can’t write, women can’t paint† appears many times throughout the story as a haunting reminder to Lily. It bothers her as if she almost believes it; and therefore, it may be that she keeps painting to spite Tansley’s nagging whispers. She is also portrayed as unable to take a stand on her viewpoint of any individual. This ends up being a merit of hers when lined up with Woolf’s ideas on labeling someone, but it makes her appear as indecisive when first reading about her. Her struggle lies with Mr. Ramsay. â€Å"He is petty, selfish, vain, egotistical’ he is spoilt; he is a tyrant; he wears Mrs. Ramsay to death† (24). However, she holds a profound respect for the man, even if it is reliant on her early, but deep respect for Mrs. Ramsay (25). By the end of the story, her respect for Mr. Ramsay becomes more focused just before the gentler character of Mr. Ramsay is revealed through his boat trip with James and Cam. However, first impressions of Lily before this change is revealed makes one view her cautiously, for people are often wary of individuals who are uncertain of themselves and hold contradicting views on issues that are seemingly obvious; for Mr. Ramsay is meant to hold no pity in the eye of the reader. As famous and reputable as he may be, he is petty, selfish, vain, and egotistical; Lily is not alone in that belief and by this point in the story, it seems as if the reader is meant to have that view along with many of the story’s characters. That being said, she cannot seem to take one side or the other. Despite her early shortcomings of being a relatable character, Lily possesses compelling qualities and ideas, and shows herself to be the character that was made to embody the thought process and style of Woolf (Panken 142). Biographer Hermione Lee makes an observation about the connection between Woolf’s and Lily’s minds, writing about Woolf that, â€Å"In the last part, moving between Lily painting her picture on the lawn and Mr. Ramsay with his two children in the boat, she wrestled, like Lily, with problems of balance† (Lee 471); implying that Woolf has issues with her writing and finding the right way to present and connect her work in the same way the Lily is struggling to connect the sections of her painting. It is Lily who first starts contemplating the way in which one views others. Other characters are used to build upon this, but it is through Lily that these ideas are given form. If the reader has prior understanding of Woolf’s views on this idea, then the development of Lily throughout the story with her raising the issue of perception and the relativity of one’s views of an individual builds an appreciation for Lily. It gives her a sense of importance alongside other characters because of how she articulates this issue in her mind. For example, when trying to understand the ways of Mrs. Ramsay, Lily presents this analogy to the sanctity of individuality: â€Å"How then†¦ did one know one thing or another thing about people, sealed as they were? Only like a bee, drawn by some sweetness or sharpness in the air intangible to touch or taste, one haunted the dome-shaped hive†¦ the hives, which were people† (Woolf 51). â€Å"Lily Briscoe indicates both that knowledge of the mind of another is a profound human wish it feels as if to have that knowledge would be to be finally at home, in ones own hiveand, at the same time, that this knowledge is unattainable† (Nussbaum 731). She is only raising the issue as a question here, but it is one example among several that shows Lily contemplating this idea, and it is one that develops with Lily. Earlier she asks, â€Å"how did one judge people, think of them? † (24), though the point may very well be that there was no way to judge people, no set way to think of them. In the case that the reader is familiar with Woolf’s position on this issue prior to reading To the Lighthouse, this is something that solidifies Lily as a central character and makes her a character to which the reader is more sympathetic, for the reader should be able to pick up on the similarities that Lily’s thoughts have to the messages of some of Woolf’s other works. Lily becomes a character that is more relatable for the reader at Mrs. Ramsay’s dinner. While Tansley’s invasive words, â€Å"women can’t write, women can’t paint† will remain with Lily almost to the end of the story, she is actually able to confront her feelings with Tansley at the dinner, which lends to her credibility as a person. Despite finding him to be the â€Å"most uncharming human being she had ever met† (Woolf 86), Lily is able to pity Tansley, and therefore is able to show interest in talking with him. She actually appears to hold authority over an individual. Before, she was jumpy, fearing any individual who may happen upon her and see her painting and share in her intimacy. Now she was influencing the mind of another. â€Å"It annoyed him that she should have made him speak like that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Tansley, â€Å"If only he could be alone in his room working, he thought, among his books. That was where he felt at his ease† (86, 87). Lily, by her influence, her appearance, or just the fact that she was a woman was able to bring someone outside their comfort zone. This lends to her confidence, or maybe determination, to finish her painting later in the story and it gives her depth and credibility to the reader. An interesting thing to note about Lily’s relationship with Tansley is their similarity in personality. The best example happens late in the story as Lily is hoping to avoid the gaze of Mr. Ramsay: â€Å"As if any interruption would break the frail shape she was building on the table she turned her back to the window lest Mr. Ramsay should see her. She must escape somewhere, be alone somewhere† (147). Ten years earlier, Mr. Tansley had voiced the same desire†¦ â€Å"To be alone. † Though, this observation may be just a coincidence to these two characters. Solitude is sought after by several characters in this story. Lily’s most profound development as a character that makes her a character to which the reader may desire to sympathize with comes in the final of the three sections of this story. Lily is almost shaken by the change she notices in herself towards Mr. Ramsay as â€Å"The Lighthouse† unfolds, and how her view of other characters changes profoundly. She no longer views Mrs. Ramsay so fondly. Where before she delighted at hugging Mrs. Ramsay around the knees and laughing, she was now somehow critical of how Mrs. Ramsay fit into stereotype femininity of marriage and supporting the ego of men. Lily â€Å"would feel a little triumphant, telling Mrs. Ramsay that the marriage had not been a success† (Woolf 174). It would be a triumph, for Mrs. Ramsay was as keen to making marital matches as any of the mothers in most Jane Austen novels. To contrast, she finds herself greatly changed in her views of Mr. Ramsay. No longer is she scared of his approach. On the contrary, she likes his wonderful leather boots, and as he sails away across the bay, she wants him back with her (202). Yet, Lily achieves something that neither of these other characters achieved, that is, to be remembered. Mrs. Ramsay sought to be remembered through her social interactions. While everyone she impacted is still alive, she will partially linger, but she will not last beyond that generation. Mr. Ramsay’s distress all throughout the story is caused by the anxiety of not being important, of his contribution to society being forgotten. Like other writers, he too will fade. Woolf seems to latch onto Lily with her painting. Even though her finished painting â€Å"would be hung in the attics† (208), she was content with what she had created. â€Å"I have had my vision† (209), she says. Lily’s painting, her memory, will survive. This confidence doesn’t come to her until the very end of the story, but it leaves a strong impression upon the reader. Even the fact that Woolf choose to end the story with Lily instead of one of the other major characters leaves a good impression of her to the reader. Lily’s growth as a character is never steady. She starts out as a character that gathers no sympathy from the reader, and from there it is an up and down understanding of her as a character that, until the very end of the novel, is only a very slight upward gain of sympathy. Yet, Lily holds an obvious position of importance as a character throughout the story that draws the reader to her. Among these reasons is how she is an outpouring of Woolf’s own creativity. To the Lighthouse is considered to be Woolf’s autobiographical work, mirroring her own life growing up. Lily, however, doesn’t represent any person of Woolf’s life. Instead she is an embodiment of Woolf’s intellectual thought. This comes through many times in the story with the idea of needing fifty eyes; one of the many messages that can be gleaned from one of the many ways to read To the Lighthouse. One needs many perspectives to appreciate life to a greater depth of knowledge and understanding. Bibliography Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse. Harcourt Books. Orlando. 1955. Print. Nussbaum, Martha C. The Window: Knowledge of Other Minds in Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse New Literary History. 2006. jstor. org/ Web. Lee, Hermione. Virginia Woolf. Chatto amp; Windus. London. 1996. Print. Panken, Shirley. Virginia Woolf and the Lust of Creation:† A Psychoanalytic Exploration State University of New York Press, Albany. 1987. Print