Genetic Engineering Tutorial Free Essays

Chapter 14 Genetic Engineering Choose the best answer for each question. 1. Using this key, put the phrases in the correct order to form a plasmid carrying the recombinant DNA. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetic Engineering Tutorial or any similar topic only for you Order Now Key: 1) use restriction enzymes 2) Use DNA ligase 3) Remove plasmid from parent bacterium 4) Introduce plasmid into new host bacterium. A. 1, 2, 3, 4C. 3, 1, 2, 4 B. 4, 3, 2,1 D. 2, 3, 1, 4 2. Which is not a clone? A. a colony of identical bacterial cells B. identical quintuplets C. a forest of identical trees D. eggs produced by oogenesis E. copies of a gene through PCR 3. Restriction enzymes found in bacterial cells are ordinarily used A. during DNA replication B. to degrade the bacterial cell’s DNA C. to degrade viral DNA that enters the cell D. to attach pieces of DNA together 4. Recombinant DNA technology is used A. for gene therapy B. to clone a gene C. to make a particular protein D. to clone a specific piece of DNA E. All of these are correct 5. In order for bacterial cells to express human genes, A. the recombinant DNA must not contain introns. B. reverse transcriptase is sometimes used to make complementary DNA from an mRNA molecule. C. bacterial regulatory genes must be included. D. All of these are correct. 6. The polymerase chain reaction A. utilizes RNA polymerase B. takes place in huge bioreactors C. utilizes temperature insensitive enzyme D. makes lots of nonidentical copies of DNA E. All of these are correct 7. DNA fingerprinting can be used for which of these? A. identifying human remains B. identifying infectious diseases C. finding evolutionary links between organisms D. solving crimes E. All of these are correct 8. DNA amplified by PCR and then used for fingerprinting could come from A. ny diploid or haploid cell B. only white blood cells that have been karyotyped C. only skin cells after they are dead D. only purified animal cells E. both B and D are correct 9. Which of these pairs is incorrectly matched? A. DNA ligase – DNA fingerprint B. Restriction enzymes – Cloning C. DNA fragments – DNA fingerprinting D. DNA polymerase – PCR 10. Which of these is an incorrect statement ? A. bacteria secrete the biotechnology product into the medium B. plants are being engineered to have human proteins in their seeds. C. nimals are engineered to have a human protein in their milk. D. animals can be cloned, but plants and bacteria cannot. 11. Which of these is not needed in order to clone an animal? A. sperm from a donor animal B. nucleus from an adult animal cell C. enucleated egg from a donor animal D. host female to develop the embryo E. All of these are needed 12. Because the human genome Project, we know or will know the A. sequence of the base pairs of our DNA B. sequence of genes along the human chromosomes C. mutations that lead to genetic disorders D. All of these are correct 13. The restriction enzyme called EcoRI has cut double stranded DNA in the following manner. The piece of foreign DNA to be inserted has what bases from the left and from the right? 14. Which of these is a true statement? A. Plasmids can serve as vectors B. Plasmids are linear DNA found in viruses C. Plasmids can replicate in the host cell D. Both A and C are correct 15. Which of these is a benefit of having insulin produced by biotechnology? A. It is just as effective B. It can be mass produced C. It is less expensive D. All of the above How to cite Genetic Engineering Tutorial, Essay examples

Robert Schumann Essay Example For Students

Robert Schumann Essay Robert Alexander Schumann was born in the small riverside town ofZwickau, Saxony, in 1810.The youngest of five children, Robert Schumannwas brought up in comfortable, middle-class respectability. As a child, heapparently exhibited no remarkable abilities. At the age of six, Robert was sent to the local preparatory school, runby Archdeacon Dohner. He had in fact already begun his education, with theyoung tutor who gave lessons in exchange for board and lodging at theSchumann home. At the age of seven Robert received his first piano lessons, fromJohann Gottfried Kuntzsch, organist at St. Marys Church, and schoolmasterat the Zwickau Lyceum. Kuntzsch was a kindly, conservative musician oflimited abilities; his knowledge stemmed from leisure-time study. Nevertheless, Robert was soon improvising, and even composing a set ofdances for the piano. Roberts musical talent was recognized by his father. He bought anexpensive Streicher grand piano for his son, and soon four-handedarrangements of the classics were heard in the Schumann home. With afriend named Friedrich Piltzing, another pupil of Kuntzchs, Robert started toexplore Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. As a child, Schumann took part in several concerts at the ZwickauLyceum. He once played Moscheles Alexander March variations, whichdemanded considerable dexterity. At the public Lyceum Robert was active as both pianist and publicspeaker. When he was fourteen, Kuntzsch decided that his pupil hadprogressed beyond the point where he could give further help, and declined toteach him anymore. Shortly before leaving the Lyceum, Schumann collaborated with hisbrother Karl in preparing a new edition of Forcellinis Latin dictionary,Lexicon Totius Latinatinis. Although now very busy as a composer, Robert yearned for affection. He soon fell for seventeen-year-old Ernestine von Fricken, who came toLeipzig in April 1834 to live in at the Wiecks, and to study with Clarasfather. She had grown up in the little town of Asch with her father, Baronvon Fricken, and was the illegitimate daughter of Countess Zedtwitz. At the beginning of September 1835 Robert and Ernestine weresecretly engaged. Within days, Baron von Fricken heard that something wasafoot, arrived in Leipzig, and took Ernestine back to Asch. After secretdiscussions, the engagement was broken off by mutual agreement. PossiblyRobert had been kept in the dark about Ernestines origins. In any event, the affair had a catalytic effect on Roberts music. He had theidea of writing a series of piano pieces based on the letters ASCH; these helater turned into Carnival. He also composed some piano variations on atheme provided by Baron von Fricken. But Roberts friend Schunke had fallen seriously ill. Unable to bearthe sight, Robert went back to Zwickau again, only returning to Leipzig inDecember to negotiate a change of publisher for the Zeitschrift. From thebeginning of 1835 the journal was published by the Leipzig firm of JA Barth. Late in 1835 Mendelsson arrived in Leipzig to take over as musicdirector of the Gewandhaus. Still only twenty-six, Mendelsson was thedirector of the age, and Schumann felt an immediate attraction when they metat Wiecks house. Following the newcomers debut in Leipzig, Schumannwrote praising him in the Letters of an Enthusiast column of his Zeitzcrift. Schumann did however venture to criticise Mendelssohns use of the baton;he believed that an orchestra should function as a republic and that ridgityshould be avoided.At about this time, too, Robert met both Chopin andIgnaz Moscheles at the Wiecks. Throughout the autumn of 1835 Schumannwas a regular visitor at the Wiecks home, seeing much of Clara, who wasnow sixteen. He had been following her career as a virtuoso closely since shewas nine.when he was depressed, she cheered him up. Their talent affectionwas now becoming increasingly evident. Robert had now finished his first piano sonata, dedicated The evening Clara set out onan important concert tour, Robert came to wish her well, and kissed hergood-bye. They saw each other again in Zwickau, and kissed again. In thenew year Robert traveled to Dresden, where he knew Clara was spending aholiday without her father, and made his declaration of love. .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .postImageUrl , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:hover , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:visited , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:active { border:0!important; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:active , .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49 .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ef4907fd72496330ea9ffff6dd68b49:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of the run EssaySchumann seems to have thought Claras father would welcome himas his son-in-law. He was wrong. Hearing that Robert and Clara had beenmeeting behind his back, Wieck was enraged, and wrote to Robert insistingthat all relations be severed. At the same time he distracted Claras attention by flaunting her anew singing teacher, Karl Banck. Clara, only just sixteen, was regarded by her father as a mere child. Wieck had nurtured her talents, and now saw her on the threshold of anoutstanding career. He was not going to stand by and watch her marrySchumann, who he knew, to his own irritation, had neglected his training andsquandered his resources. Naturally Robert was desperate. Extravagant spending sprees led topleas to his brothers for money. He started drinking heavily, and his generallyimpolite habits led to a noisy argument with his landlady. Finally he wrote toher. To understand Wiecks attitude, we need to examine his feelings aboutClara. She represented his special creation, his lifes work. He had laboredwith her for long years at the keyboard. She had finally emerged as his bestpupil, the star exemplar of his techniques. At the same time she nowrepresented a valuable commercial asset. She simultaneously fed Wieckswallet and his ego. In May 1837, after another long tour, Clara arrived back in Leipzig. Not long afterwards banck, like Schumann before him, was rejected byWieck as a suitor for Clara. At this time Schumanns disappointment seems tohave turned to malice. He declared himself ready to avenge himself on Clara. But this was only a temporary mood; in a letter to her in August, with wordscold and serious, yet so beautiful, Robert protested she remained thedearest in the world. His feelings were echoed by his beloved. On August 14they became sacredly engaged. On Claras eighteenth birth day, Robert Wrote to Wieck asking for hisconsent to their marriage. He argued that his prospects were greatlyimproved, and his stability enchanced; You owe it to my position, my talentand my character. The wedding finally took place on 12 September, the day beforeClaras twenty-first birthday. After that she would in any case free of herfathers will. Possibly Robert chose the day as a final signal of defiance to hisnew father-in-law. Very later in their marriage Robert started to have a mental illness. Heheard a solitary note beating in Roberts ears, giving him no peace. On 26February 1854 Robert begged Clara to have him committed to an asylum, butwas finally persuaded by the doctor to go to bed. Later Clara discovered that Robert had thrown himself into the RiverRhine, and fisherman had rescued him. On March 4 Robert was taken to Dr. Richarzs private asylum atEndenich, near Bonn. At intervals his mind cleared a little. On June 8 1856, Roberts birthday, Brahams found him thin,oblivious of every thing outside, picking names out of an atlas and puttingthem into alphabetical order. On Thursday 29 July Robert was finallyreleased from his suffering. At four in the afternoon he fell asleep. He passedaway without anyone noticing. Clara did not see him until half an hour later. Schumann was buried at seven oclock on the morning of 31 July1856 in Bonn. Brahms and Joachin walked in front of the coffin which wascarried by some of the Dusseldorf choir. Clara asked that a few friends bethere. That was the life and death of Robert Schumann. Words/ Pages : 1,176 / 24

The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 Essay Example

The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 Paper In the aftermath of the French and Indian War, Britain needed a new imperial design, but the situation in America was anything but favorable to change. Long accustomed to a large measure of independence, the colonies were demanding more, not less, freedom, particularly now that the French menace had been eliminated. To put a new system into effect, and to tighten control, Parliament had to contend with colonists trained in self-government and impatient with interference. One of the thefirst things that British attempted was the organization of the interior. The conquest of Canada and of the Ohio Valley necessitated policies that would not alienate the French and Indian inhabitants. But here the Crown came into conflict with the interests of the colonies. Fast increasing in population, and needing more land for settlement, various colonies claimed the right to extend their boundaries as far west as the Mississippi River. The British government, fearing that settlers migrating into the new lands would provoke a series of Indian wars, believed that the lands should be opened to colonists on a more gradual basis. Restricting movement was also a way of ensuring royal control over existing settlements before allowing the formation of new ones. We will write a custom essay sample on The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Royal Proclamation of 1763 reserved all the western territory between the Alleghenies, Florida, the Mississippi River and Quebec for use by Native Americans. Thus the Crown attempted to sweep away every western land claim of the 13 colonies and to stop westward expansion. Though never effectively enforced, this measure, in the eyes of the colonists, constituted a high-handed disregard of their most elementary right to occupy and settle western lands. More serious in its repercussions was the new financial policy of the British government, which needed more money to support its growing empire. Unless the taxpayer in England was to supply all money for the colonies’ defense, revenues would have to be.

Managerial and Personal Effectiveness in Human Resources Management The WritePass Journal

Managerial and Personal Effectiveness in Human Resources Management Introduction Managerial and Personal Effectiveness in Human Resources Management ]. Douglas McGregor, J. C.-G., 2006. The Human Side Of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill Professional. Herzberg, F., 1987. One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? HBR, September. Katz, R., 1974. Skills of an Effective Administrator. Havard Business Review. Lindner, J. R., n.d. Understanding Employee Motivation. Journal Editorial Office. Malik, F., 2010. Productions and Operations Management. 1.1 ed. s.l.:s.n. Pat hargreaves, P. J., 2000. The human resource development handbook.Kogan Page Publishers. Schein, E. H., 1978. Career dynamics: matching individual and organizational needs. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Srivastava, M. Sinha, A. K., 2004. Individual Characteristic for Managerial Effectiveness in a Competitive Environment: An Exploration. Conference on Global Competition Competitiveness of Indian Corporate, pp. 119-131. Sutton, R. I. Ford, L. H., 1982. Problem-Solving Adequacy in Hospital Subunits. Human Relations, Volume 35, pp. 675-701. [1] http://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Career_dynamics.html?id=UyqB19IEM5gCredir_esc=y [2] joe.org/joe/1998june/rb3.php [3] http://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_human_side_of_enterprise.html?id=0Td-U8yTjVECredir_esc=y [4] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00605.x/pdf

Abortion Issue Essay Example for Free

Abortion Issue Essay ? Abortion is a controversial issue but it should be discussed because it is happening, and is more widespread than we care to admit. If we truly care about life, then we must understand what is going on. Ideally, pregnancy is a wanted and happy event for women, their partners and their families. Unfortunately, this is not always so. Around the world, millions of women every year become pregnant unintentionally. In the Philippines, as in other countries, some of these women are faced with a difficult choice: to give birth to a child that they are not prepared or able to care for, or to obtain an illegal, and often unsafe, abortion. As a Filipino citizen abortion is a crime. According to Articles 256-259 of our Revised Penal Code, whether you’re the woman getting the abortion, the abortionist, or someone assisting or encouraging the abortion, if you commit the act on purpose, you could get sent to jail for one month, to twenty years. No exceptions. For us, the consensus in abortion is strongly â€Å"anti.† Almost all of my classmates insisted that intentional abortion of any kind; was murder, regardless of whether or not it was done to save the mother’s life. Out of the forty-four students in our section, only about six said that abortion, if regulated, could be made legal. While I myself would prefer to avoid having to get an abortion as far as reasonably possible, I believe that this issue should be looked at through a more critical lens. Why? Because it is the attitude that most Filipinos adopt in relation to abortion is frequently more emotional than practical. Much of it can be traced back to a knee-jerk, culture-based reaction to anything involving babies and death. The lines on matters involving religion, culture, and tradition are quite blurred, and the results are all the same: a default outcry against abortion, or any sort of regulation concerning sexual health. * Be able to understand and to be aware to the effects of abortion. * To enlighten the Filipino citizen not to agree to the so called â€Å"abortion bill†. * For us to share the learning’s to the teenagers what does abortion really do to our human life. Abortion is illegal in the Philippines and is not permitted under any circumstance. The act is criminalized by the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, which was enacted in 1930 but remains in effect today. Articles 256, 258 and 259 of the Code mandate imprisonment for the woman who undergoes the abortion, as well as for any person who assists in the procedure, even if they be the woman’s parents, a physician or midwife. Article 258 further imposes a higher prison term on the woman or her parents if the abortion is undertaken â€Å"in order to conceal [the woman’s] dishonour† (Tan 2008 and Wikipedia 2008).The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines effectively any amendments to the Penal Code’s provisions on abortion because of Article II, Section 12, which states: â€Å"The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and t he life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government.† In the principle, legalizing abortion would require a referendum to amend the constitution, although the enactment of a more definitive provision sanctioning the ban was not successful. In 1999, Congressman Roy Padilla Jr. of Camarines Norte filed House Bill 6343seeking to allow abortion in special cases (e.g., rape, congenital defects in the fetus or cases where the mother’s life is endangered). It is unlikely that the bill will be passed but it has stimulated discussion on abortion. The passage of HB 6343 will require amendment because the Bill as it presently stands is inherently unconstitutional (Wikipedia 2008 and Tan 2008).The United Nations recognizes that abortion in the Philippines is permitted only in instances in which the pregnant woman’s life is endangered. However, there is no law in the Philippines that expressly authorizes abortions in order to save the woman’s life; and the general provisions which do penalize abortion make no qualifications if the woman’s life is endangered. It may be argued that an abortion to save the mother’s life could be classified as a justifying circumstance (duress as opposed to self-defence) that would bar criminal prosecution under the Revised Penal Code. However, this position has yet to be adopted or debunked by the Philippine Supreme Court. Proposals to liberalize Philippine abortion laws have been opposed by the Catholic Church, and its opposition has considerable influence in the predominantly Catholic country. Philippines is the only Catholic country in Asia and contrary to that statistical data reported that there were some 400,000 to 500,000 abortion in 2005. The Department of Health added that nearly 100,000 women who have unsafe abortions every year end up in the hospital. About 4 in 5 abortions in the Philippines are for economic reasons, according to a survey by the University of the Philippines. In many cases, said Jocelyn Pacete, a spokeswoman for Likhaan, a women’s health group based in Manila, â€Å"the mother can’t afford another child, so ends up choosing her five living children over the fetus in her womb.† (Source: Legal_Updates) STATISTICAL FACTS, QUALITATIVE FACTS Prevalence of Abortion in the Philippines Accurate measurement of induced abortion levels has proven difficult in many parts of the world. Health care workers and policymakers need information on the incidence of both legal and illegal induced abortion to provide the needed services and to reduce the negative impact of unsafe abortion on women’s health. Information on the current level of unintended pregnancy and abortion is essential for understanding the extent to which women face barriers in planning pregnancies and preventing unintended ones. Evidence on recent trends in these important indicators is also crucial in assessing whether changes in policies and programs are necessary. Abortions cut across class, age, and marital status, and occur in both urban and rural areas. The UP Population Institute (UPPI) 1994 study estimates that between 300,000 and500, 000 women obtain induced abortions annually in the Philippines. Put another way, there may be 16 induced abortions for every 100 pregnancies. According to Singh et al. (2006), induced abortion in the Philippines is widespread and practice takes many forms. Nearly half of pregnancies each year end in an induced abortion or an unplanned birth. Unintended pregnancy is the root cause of abortion. Some 3.1 million pregnancies occur each year in the Philippines. Of these, 15% result in induced abortions, 31% in unplanned births, 39% in planned births and 15% in spontaneous abortions. An estimated 473,000 abortions occur annually. One-third of women who experience an unintended pregnancy end it in abortion. Thus, about 1.43 million pregnancies each year—nearly half of all pregnancies— are unintended. The annual rate of unintended pregnancy is 81 per 1,000 women of reproductive age, meaning that about 8% of Filipino women aged 15–44 conceive every year without intending to do so. Women from all segments of society experience abortion . Women who have had an abortion resemble average Filipino women: The majority are married, Catholic and poor. They have some high school education and have already had several children. Surveying students, friends and all the people around us that is willing to answer our questionnaire. We’ve made a questionnaire instead of direct interview to the respondents. We are estimating around 50 respondents and from there we can assume a certain percent for the â€Å"Pro-Life† and â€Å"Anti†. (Source: Legal_Updates) http://www.chanrobles.com/revisedpenalcodeofthephilippinesbook2.htm: 1. Ã…hman E and Shah I, Unsafe abortion: worldwide estimates for 2000, Reproductive Health Matters, 2002, No. 19, pp. 13–17. 2. Ã…hman E and Shah I, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2000, fourth ed., Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. 3. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Development, Abortion Policies: A Global Review, Vol. III, New York: United Nations, 1995. 4. Singh S et al., Estimating the level of abortion in the Philippines and Bangladesh, International Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 23(3):100– 107 & 144. 5. Shire A and Pesso L, Changing policies and attitudes: postabortion care in the Philippines, Compass, 2003, N Abortion Issue. (2017, Feb 06).

Lawful Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lawful Discrimination - Essay Example Having a mind of one's own is a selfish act which could result to discrimination, even lawlessness and chaos. As what a national government implements laws to a country, a state should all the more impose and adhere to the laws put forward by the national government since the general welfare has to be taken care of. A state should not create its own set of rules that strays away from the established law. Neither is she allowed to break it in favor of personal gains. Thoreau noticed this as he mentioned the governor in his speech, of whom the state recognizes as her center of authority. The governor is responsible that the laws of the land are being enforced but according to Thoreau, he is the exact opposite since he is permissive enough to let the laws of the state "go unexecuted." A law clearly doesn't exclude anyone. It applies to all, no matter what race a human being belongs to or whatever the skin color he has as long as he is a recognized citizen of the land. With respect to the established law, judicial decisions, too, should be based from a recognized set of rules and should be strictly observed. The freedom and liberty of a person, whether a human being that is being tried is either free or a slave, depends upon the judge's decisions. In Thoreau's speech, an act known as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 states that "any official who doesn't arrest a suspected runaway slave could be fined $1,000." This brings pressure to any officer to act or else risk being fined. After capturing, the slave is tried and then returned to his or her rightful owner. How many times have officials captured a suspected runaway slave or remained indifferent to others but ended up capturing or letting go of the wrong person Anthony Burns experienced being tried in the courts of human beings. This act also has its tendencies to make a slave out of a free soul. An example of this is Thomas Sims. Even then, there are already resentments against this law as what was expressed by Thoreau. And then, there are those who are against racial discrimination. Plessy is recognized as a legitimate citizen of the United States and is entitled to equal rights and privileges being enjoyed by a white American. Yet, despite paying for first class train ticket, he was not only forcibly ejected out of an East Louisiana Railway train but also ended up being imprisoned in a parish jail in New Orleans. Just because sitting in an area reserved for whites even though he has every right to do so, he suffered this predicament. The reason that he was different from the whites made his situation even worse. Clearly, racial discrimination even after the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was ratified. A law can neither be of use to the general public if an institution doesn't at all observe it. By modern standards, the East Louisiana Railway did not recognize the ratified Fourteenth amendment because of the Plessy case. The constitution forbids "making or enforcing any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, or shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or deny to any person within their jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." However, equality isn't observed since a railway companies such as the East Louisiana had been instructed either to provide additional coaches or

Modern Ethical Theory or Pragmatism ( choose one) Research Paper

Modern Ethical Theory or Pragmatism ( choose one) - Research Paper Example These theories have in turn been relied upon heavily in determining the parameters of ethical and moral conduct across different cultures and under different circumstances. These theories draw from the ideas of great moral philosophers like John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant, David Hume among others. Hume vs Kant vs Mill: Their different views on ethics and morality. By giving their views, all moral philosophers aim at describing the best standard of moral and ethical conduct. However, there normally arises a dilemma on which ethical theory should be applied because of the variations in how different philosophers view ethics and morality. These variations raise important questions in the approach to ethical problems and one of the key questions is the question of absolute good or relative good. Mill for example, takes a utilitarian view to ethics and morality. From such a view, the moral worth of human actions are determined by their resultant outcome (Shaw 32). Mill’s view of et hics and morality maximises overall pleasure by all available means. This means that the nature of an action is not a major issue of concern but its final outcome. This view therefore gives room for the breaking of some moral rules if this breaking increases happiness. Its main advantage is that it allows actions to be judged in a way that yields fairness to the greatest population. For example, it is unlawful, unethical and morally unjustifiable to kill another person. However, utilitarianism allows for the breaking of this rule in the case of self-defence either by civilians or police officers facing a dangerous criminal. Killing one dangerous criminal is less painful that one dangerous criminal killing many people. This action maximises happiness. In summary, this view of ethics and morality argues that the end justifies the means. Such a view of ethics and morality therefore considers the relative good of actions and not their absolute good. It avoids judgement of actions from e xtremists’ point of view which in many cases, leads to the suffering of many people. Its main disadvantage is that it does not consider the nature of human actions or the intentions behind them hence it can be used as a justification for wrong doings by some people. Kant holds to an opposing view to Mill in regard ethics and morality. According to Kant, the nature and not the result of human actions determine their moral worth. He argued that a good will is the only good thing and therefore, the will or the motive of the actor is the only factor that determines the moral worth of an action (Kant 97). This is a deontological view whereby ethical and moral actions are seen as the duty or obligations of every person towards other members of the society. The advantage of this view lies in its fairness. That is, human actions are judged depending on the extend to which they adhere to existing moral and ethical rules. It considers the absolute goodness of human actions hence it doe s not give room for the breaking of some rules. The main disadvantage to such a view is that it does not consider the role played by external pressures/factors in driving human actions. For example, no one can wait to be slaughtered like a sheep by another person holding a knife. The reaction will be to defend oneself by all means including hitting the attacker. If it happens that they die, the person who killed should be let free because they never intended to kill. The disadvantage of this